Application of high-resolution airborne data using individual tree crowns in Japanese conifer plantations

We investigated conifer plantation management in Japan using high-resolution airborne data based on an individual tree crown (ITC) approach. This study is the first to apply this technique to Japanese forests. We found that forest resources can be measured at the level of a single tree. We also produced a tree-crown map for a test site with Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, Cryptomeria japonica, other conifers, and broadleaved trees, with a classification accuracy of 78%. Forest-stand polygons with tree-cover types were generated from this map, a tree-density map, and a crown-occupied-area map. Forest information for the stand polygons was extracted automatically and compared with detailed field-survey data. The error between our ITC estimates and the field-survey data ranged from 0.3 to 30.2%, depending on tree crown size, density, and other factors. Errors were highest for high-density stands with mixed compositions and tree crown diameters ≤5.0 m. However, the error for stands with crown diameters ≥6.2 m was 11.6% or less. Therefore, this technique is best suited to pure Japanese conifer plantations without multiple layers or high-density stands.     

不同播期对花生单株性状和产量的影响

2007-2009年,每年从4月15日到6月15日间安排7次播期试验。各播期处理单株性状和群体产量比较结果表明：4月25日至5月5日播种能够避开“倒春寒”危害,保证有较多的双饱果、较少的烂（芽）果,获得较高的产量。     

小型猪体细胞克隆试验

[目的]建立体细胞克隆小型猪的技术平台并了解克隆效率。[方法]运用体细胞核移植技术,以小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞作为核移植供体细胞,以体外成熟卵母细胞作为核移植受体细胞进行体细胞克隆猪生产,并利用STR序列对所出生的克隆猪进行个体识别。[结果]将重构胚胎移植到5头代孕母猪体内,其中一头代孕母猪成功产下2头克隆小型猪。经过个体识别试验证实克隆小型猪来自供核细胞,与代孕母猪无直接亲缘关系。[结论]克隆小型猪的成功出生表明所建立的技术平台适于小型猪的克隆。     

Variation in tree diameter growth in response to the weather conditions and tree size in deciduous broad-leaved trees

The diameter growth of trees may vary depending on the tree size, species and other tree-related factors. However, such variation is challenging to consider while estimating the growth response to weather conditions. This study investigated the effects of the weather conditions and variations in tree factors on diameter growth in a mature forest. In particular, we focused on diameter growth in June, the month of active diameter growth. We recorded the monthly diameter growth of 6 tree species for 7 years and constructed a generalized linear mixed model in which the mean growth was dependant on tree size, weather conditions, and the interaction between tree size and weather.     

文冠果地理分布和生物生态学特性

通过野外踏查和室内分析相结合的方法对文冠果(Xanthoceras sorbifolia)的种群地理分布、个体生长规律以及有性和无性生殖规律进行了研究。结果显示,文冠果分布较为广泛,其中黄土高原是文冠果分布最为集中的地区;在适宜的环境条件下,文冠果1~3 a生幼苗随年龄的增长其根的生物量占总生物量的比例逐渐下降;不同生境类型下有性生殖特性有差别;不同直径级别的伐桩和断根萌发幼苗的能力随着级别的增加而增强。     

枫香优良种源及家系早期选择

以中国24个种源310个家系的枫香作为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,对6年生枫香林进行调查,选取材积,胸径、树高等生长指标进行优良家系和单株选择。结果表明,种源间的生长各性状差异均达到了极显著水平,最佳种源为重庆丰都、云南富宁、广东翁源、广西岑溪、福建建瓯、江西湖城、河南南阳、甘肃康县、浙江开化、江西婺源、广西凭祥、江西铜鼓、河南商城、湖北松滋、湖北大悟等,其材积、胸径及树高生长量较总体平均值分别提高了6.26%、9.76%、27.45%;不同枫香家系间的材积、胸径和树高都存在极显著差异,各性状的家系遗传力均属于中等遗传控制;树高的家系遗传力和单株遗传力最大,分别为0.469 4和0.519 2,胸径(0.401 4)家系遗传力大于材积(0.385 7),但材积(0.390 9)单株遗传力高于胸径(0.377 8);通过初选和优选,共选出优良家系49个,入选率为15.81%,入选的优良家系胸径、树高和材积的平均值分别为5.55 cm、4.57 m和0.006 004 85 m3,分别高于总体平均值的25%、17%和69%,材积(0.060 7~0.624 4)的遗传增益明显大于胸径(0.036 6~0.185 8)和树高(0.031 4~0.145 3);选出优良单株38株,入选率为1.02%,其平均胸径、平均树高和平均材积分别为7.65 cm,5.49 m和0.012 314 776 m3,分别高于总体平均值72.08%、41.25%和246.33%。     

Gastrointestinal and metabolic effects of feeding schedule on voluntary feed intake and growth of European eel, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla anguilla</Emphasis>

Gastrointestinal and metabolic influences on short- and medium-term control of voluntary feed intake of European eel were investigated for groups of fish fed at different feeding schedules: 1 meal 2 days⁻¹, 1 meal day⁻¹, 2 meals day⁻¹ and continuous feeding for 12 h and 24 h daily. For fish fed daily, the feeding schedule had no effect on feed intake, metabolism, growth, size variation and body composition. Only fish fed once every 2 days could not completely compensate by increasing their average meal size and showed a reduced feed intake, metabolism and growth. Stomach capacity did not limit meal size and feed intake as large differences in appetite were found for eels with empty stomachs. Feed intake was related to metabolism as the levels of O₂ consumption and NH₄ excretion just before the meal were correlated to average meal size, suggesting that rate (and duration) of metabolism is sensed and is providing information about the metabolic consequences of feed intake and feed processing. Meal size is based on the (expected) scope for metabolism and eels seem to strive to an average daily feed intake, associated with their developmental state (growth potential). Plasticity in this feed intake behaviour, expressed by individual variation in feed intake and day-to-day fluctuations in individual and group intake, is regarded as adaptive on different time scales.     

安庆地区野生黄颡鱼的雌性个体生殖力及卵巢组织学研究

该文研究了安庆地区野生黄颡鱼的雌性个体生殖力及其与各体征指标的关系。结果表明,个体绝对生殖力波动于1 347~17 482粒,绝对生殖力与体长、体重和净体重呈线性相关,并对生殖期间的卵巢进行了组织学观察。     

病原青枯菌土壤存活的影响因素研究进展

土传青枯病是一种毁灭性的细菌性病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带地区,严重威胁世界粮食安全。病原青枯菌主要从土壤中侵染作物根系,其在土壤中存活能力强,因此防治极为困难。明确病原青枯菌土壤存活的关键影响因素有助于创建高效阻控土传青枯病的技术。国内外学者在青枯菌土壤存活方面开展了大量研究,但由于影响青枯菌土壤存活的因素复杂,而相关研究多围绕单一因素展开,缺乏针对青枯菌土壤存活规律和影响因素的系统性认识。本文系统梳理了青枯菌的自身特性(基因、行为和代谢产物)及土壤生物、非生物因素对其在土壤中存活的影响,阐明了青枯菌在寄主存在时土体存活、向寄主根表方向运动迁移时根际存活以及入侵寄主根系时根表存活的主要影响因子,以期为土传青枯病的高效阻控提供参考。