Modelling transport of inshore and deep‐spawned chokka squid (Loligo reynaudi) paralarvae off South Africa: the potential contribution of deep spawning to recruitment

The South African chokka squid, Loligo reynaudi, spawns both inshore (≤70 m) and on the mid‐shelf (71–130 m) of the Eastern Agulhas Bank. The fate of these deep‐spawned hatchlings and their potential contribution to recruitment is as yet unknown. Lagrangian ROMS‐IBM (Regional Ocean Modelling System‐Individual‐Based Model) simulations confirm westward transport of inshore and deep‐spawned hatchlings, but also indicate that the potential exists for paralarvae hatched on the Eastern Agulhas Bank deep spawning grounds to be removed from the shelf ecosystem. Using a ROMS‐IBM, this study determined the transport and recruitment success of deep‐spawned hatchlings relative to inshore‐hatched paralarvae. A total of 12 release sites were incorporated into the model, six inshore and six deep‐spawning sites. Paralarval survival was estimated based on timely transport to nursery grounds, adequate retention within the nursery grounds and retention on the Agulhas Bank shelf (<200 m). Paralarval transport and survival were dependent on both spawning location and time of hatching. Results suggest the importance of the south coast as a nursery area for inshore‐hatched paralarvae, and similarly the cold ridge nursery grounds for deep‐hatched paralarvae. Possible relationships between periods of highest recruitment success and spawning peaks were identified for both spawning habitats. Based on the likely autumn increase in deep spawning off the Tsitsikamma coast, and the beneficial currents during this period (as indicated by the model results) it can be concluded that deep spawning may at times contribute significantly to recruitment.     

Assessing the impacts of species composition, top height and density on individual tree height prediction of quaking aspen in boreal mixedwoods

In this study we developed an individual tree height prediction model for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) grown in boreal mixedwood forests in Alberta using the nonlinear mixed model (NLMM) approach. We examined the impacts of density, species composition, and top height on aspen height predictions. Statistically significant stand level variables were incorporated into the base height–diameter model to increase the predictive ability and accuracy of the model at both the population and subject-specific levels. Our analyses showed that top height and density impacted height growth, but species composition did not. More importantly, we found that the inclusion of additional variables into the base model, despite improving model fitting statistics on the modelling data, did not improve the model's predictive ability and accuracy when cross-validated and when tested on an independent testing data set. Under the NLMM framework the base model performed as well as or better than the expanded models that contained other stand level variables. This has important theoretical and practical implications because, other than for biological reasons, more accurate local tree height predictions for aspen can be achieved simply by using the base height–diameter model fitted with the NLMM approach without the inclusion of other variables.     

紫花苜蓿再生特性及再生性状相关性研究

通过一年刈割4茬,对中苜2号紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Zhongmu No.2)单株的再生特性及再生性状相关性进行研究,以期为苜蓿育种?栽培利用提供依据。结果表明:单株之间再生性状存在较大变异,再生总重(39.23%)>再生分枝数(31.64%)≥再生强度(30.94%)>再生单茎重(26.08%)>再生速度(13.15%)>再生株高(10.20%);茬次间除再生强度外其余再生性状变异系数均表现为第4茬>第2茬>第3茬;各个再生性状均在第2、3茬间为极显著正相关,以再生速度(R²=0.8139)和再生分枝数(R²=0.8578)相关系数较大;各个再生性状与再生株重在第2、4茬和第3茬分别呈极显著正相关显著或极显著正相关。     

A mixed nonlinear height–diameter model for pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.)

A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to model the individual tree height–diameter relationship in pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). A set of 24,627 pairs of height–diameter measurements were used to fit the model. These were taken at 950 Spanish National Forest Inventory plots embracing six different biogeoclimatic strata. Eleven biparametric nonlinear height–diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model, which only includes the dimensions of the tree as explanatory variables. After selecting the local model, a regional or generalized model was studied. The following stand variables were tested for inclusion in the model as fixed effects: stand density, quadratic mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, dominant diameter, arithmetic mean height, dominant height and basal area. Dominant height and basal area of the stand were found to produce the most satisfactory fits in the stand model. Interregional variability was studied by including strata effects as dummy categorical variables and was analysed using the non-linear extra sum of squares method and the Lakkis–Jones test. Height–diameter models were found to be similar for the six biogeoclimatic strata. Finally, a mixed nonlinear model technique was applied to fit the definitive model. By calibrating the model it is possible to predict random components of definitive model from height measurements previously taken from a subsample of trees. The different alternatives tested reveal that only two or three trees are necessary to calibrate the model.     

Ten-year results from red alder (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus rubra</Emphasis> Bong.) provenance-progeny testing and their implications for genetic improvement

Ten-year data on growth and survival of two red alder provenance-progeny test trials located in the southern and northern coastal regions in British Columbia, Canada, were analysed and their implications for the genetic improvement of this species were discussed. A total of 42 and 41 provenances, each represented by two to five open-pollinated families were evaluated at each site, respectively. Results indicate that red alder provenances responded differently to the environmental conditions of the two sites. At age 10, red alder provenances tended to perform better at sites near their origin. The results support earlier work that two breeding zones should be delineated with the boundary at approximately 52° N. One may expect an average of about 5% decrease in stem volume and 6% increase in mortality, respectively, for each degree of southward and northward transfer of seed sources from their origins. Individual, family, and within-family heritabilities for height, diameter, stem volume were moderately high (0.22–0.42), for the southern zone, implying good potential for genetic improvement. Heritabilities were somewhat lower (0.12–0.39) for the northern zone because of greater environmental heterogeneity of the test site. Selecting the top 20 unrelated individuals for seed orchard establishment would result in 29% and 23% gain in stem volume at a rotation age of 40 years in the southern and northern zones, respectively. Correlation between ranks of the predicted breeding values for height at different ages and stem volume at age 10 increased rapidly when plantation was young and became relatively stable after 6 years of out-planting. Stem volume had much stronger correlation with diameter (≥0.84) than with height (≤0.67). Early selection at age 6 based on stem volume is therefore recommended.     

个人所得税自行申报存在问题及对策

分析了个人所得税自行申报存在问题,并提出了具体的对策.     

推迟拔节水对冬小麦群个体结构特征和产量的影响

为了明确河北省限灌1水条件下推迟拔节水对小麦群个体结构和质量的影响,于2019-2020年以衡观35和藁优2018为供试材料,全生育期仅灌1水,设置3个灌水时期,分别在拔节期（T1）、拔节后6 d（T2）和拔节后12 d（T3）灌水60 mm,分析推迟拔节水后冬小麦个体结构、群体大小、冠层光分布、花后各叶层衰老以及产量的变化。结果表明,随灌水时期的推迟,两品种上三叶的长度和面积、穗长、株高、穗数、开花期至花后21 d的叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射总截获率以及旗叶层光合有效辐射截获率都呈降低趋势,但倒2叶及以下各层的光合有效辐射截获率呈上升趋势。T2和T3处理冠层中下部叶片受光条件的改善显著延缓了叶片SPAD值的衰退,T1处理的倒2叶SPAD值在花后21 d时开始显著低于推迟灌溉处理,倒3叶、倒4叶和倒5叶SPAD值均在开花期时已显著低于推迟灌溉处理,T1处理叶片的早衰使其LAI在花后28 d时低于T2和T3处理。最终T2处理依靠较优的冠层光分布和个体叶片质量获得了最高的籽粒产量,藁优2018的T3处理产量也显著高于T1处理,但衡观35的T3处理因穗数过少,导致产量低于T1处理。拔节后6 d灌溉同步提升了小麦群个体质量,是本试验条件下的最优处理。     

基于Agent的个性化信息采集与处理系统

在对Web信息采集技术做了深入研究的基础上,提出了一个基于Agent的用户个性化信息采集与处理系统.对该系统的体系结构、工作原理以及功能部件进行了详尽的介绍,重点分析了个性化信息采集模型.从初步试验得出的结果来看,该系统具有很好的采集处理效果.     

Using a retrospective dynamic competition index to reconstruct forest succession

Understanding forest dynamics and stand structures is crucial for predicting forest succession. However, many forests have been altered due to century-long land-use practices, which complicates the reconstruction of past and current successional trajectories. For a better understanding of successional processes, we suggest studying the intra- and interspecific competition among single trees across time. We introduce a tree-ring based competition index to reconstruct the competitive dynamics of individual trees over time. This new retrospective dynamic competition index combines a temporal and a spatial component by calculating the yearly ratio between the basal area increments (bai) of the neighbouring trees and the subject tree. The new index is applied to mixed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) stands in the inner-Alpine dry-valley Valais, for which a change in species composition is hypothesised. The aim is to analyse current stand structures in terms of recent changes in the competitive interactions at the single tree level and to relate these competitive dynamics to land-use change and increasing drought due to climate change. On five plots, the positions of 456 trees were recorded and increment cores were taken to derive bai data. The individual dynamic competition index curves were aggregated in clusters, which define typical patterns of competitive dynamics in both tree species. A large percentage of the trees (87% in oak, 70% in pine) were clustered into a group of trees with constant competition at a relatively low level. However, a smaller group of pines (20%) had recently faced increasing competition. In addition, stand structure analyses indicated a change towards a higher proportion of oak. This change in the competitive ability between oak and pine was found to be related to drought, in that oak had a competitive advantage in dry years. Furthermore, the high proportion of dead branches in pines with decreasing competitive abilities indicated increasing competition for light as a consequence of natural development towards a later successional stage that favours the more shade-tolerant oak. The new retrospective dynamic competition index proved to be promising in studying forest succession. The tree-ring based method allows us to identify changes in the competitive ability of single trees with a high temporal resolution and without repeated assessments.     

培育小麦谷蛋白亚基近等基因系的两种方法

为研究麦谷蛋白亚基对小麦加工品质的影响,进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基近等基因系的创制期间,结合常规育种实践总结了两种高效培育小麦谷蛋白亚基近等基因系的新方法,以期拓宽近等基因系的培育技术,推动小麦品质研究和育种的发展。（1）SDS辅助选择的分株回交技术。该方法利用小麦自花授粉和分蘖特性,借助SDS-PAGE室内辅助选择目标亚基植株,结合经典近等基因系培育方法,提高了非直观性状基因近等基因系的培育成功率。（2）借助SDS辅助选择,并结合大田系谱育种技术而形成的杂合系谱法。本方法结合大田常规系谱育种,借助SDS-PAGE辅助选择目标亚基株系,同一组合内大量培育双亲中间类型遗传背景的近等基因系,较大的提高了培育效率。