植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域的研究进展与热点

[目的] 植物生物力学特性是水土保持植物措施研究的重要内容,在固土保水,阻流拦沙等方面发挥着重要作用。利用CNKI和Web of Science数据库检索植物生物力学特性相关文献,分析植物生物力学特性在水土保持研究领域的进展和未来发展趋势。[方法] 通过Citespace和VOSviewe软件对年发表论文数、热点期刊、主要研究国家、主要研究作者、关键词等进行可视化展示。[结果] 1990—2010年植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域研究的发文量较少,2010年以后,国内和国外的发文量都出现明显增长。在国际上,美国发表论文数位居首位,中国发文量位居世界第二,但研究成果的国际影响力还有待提升。国内形成了以胡夏嵩、格日乐、刘静、陈丽华为首的4大研究团队,国际上目前尚未形成权威的大型团队。[结论] 国内研究主要聚焦于沙漠植物和坡面植物生物力学特性分析,侧重于植物生物力学特性对其防风抗蚀作用的影响,国际上对坡面植物根系加筋作用、沙漠先锋植物防风抗蚀作用、水生植物的衰减波浪的作用均进行了研究,研究内容更加多元化。     

几种草被植物的水土保持效应研究

利用小型观测场,对比了几种草被植物地降水、径流量、土壤侵蚀量和土壤的物理性质.结果表明, 与裸地相比,草被植物可以增加土壤的覆盖度,减少降水的径流系数,减少土壤侵蚀量,其中百脉根Lotus corniculatus的效应最为明显.草被植物可以减小土壤容重,增加土壤空隙率,使土壤蓄水保水能力增加,同时提高土壤入渗速率和土壤的抗蚀性,其中百脉根地土壤含水量和入渗速率最大,苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea地崩解所需时间最长.如苇状羊茅地、葛藤Pueraria lobata地、百脉根地和空旷地0～2 m土层土壤平均含水量分别是15.74%,15.83%,16.06%和14.61%,苇状羊茅、葛藤、百脉根地土壤完全崩解所需时间分别比空旷地多780,627,704 min.     

水土保持耕作对夏种大豆光合、蒸腾及水分利用效率的影响

在甘肃黄土旱塬区,以夏种大豆为试验材料,对不同水土保持耕作方式下夏种大豆光合生理生态特征及水分利用效率进行了试验研究.结果表明,在生育期内,夏种大豆净光合速率呈下降的趋势,峰值出现在生长早期,可能主要受当地日照时数及有效辐射特点的影响.覆盖麦草耕作能有效减少土壤蒸发、增加耕层土壤含水量,显著提高夏种大豆叶片的净光合速率(P<0.01)及水分利用效率,净光合速率与水分利用效率呈正相关.水土保持耕作措施可使农田的光、温和水资源得到科学有效地利用.     

云南元谋干热河谷区营造水土保持林的技术措施及初步成效

云南元谋干热河谷区营造水土保持林的技术措施及初步成效陈玉德，吴陇，喻赞仁关键词云南元谋，干热河谷，水土保持，造林技术元谋坝区是云南典型的干热河谷区。由于气候异常干旱炎热，生态环境遭到严重破坏，造林极度困难。３０多年来不少单位和部门先后多次到该地区进行...     

小流域水土流失治理优先度的评价与应用

中国水土流失防治任务仍然繁重,有计划分批次实施水土流失治理是现阶段条件下的必然选择,优先治理小流域识别是其首要解决的一项基础工作,然而目前相关成果较为缺乏,难以支撑小流域水土流失治理智能决策和精准施策。在当前大力推进智慧水土保持背景下,积极探索优先治理小流域识别方法非常迫切,对于科学、合理、高效促进水土流失治理工作具有重要意义。该研究立足于小流域自然禀赋条件,以中国水土流失重点区域——三峡库区秭归县为例,坚持科学性和可操作性相结合原则,以水土流失“减量和降级”双重目标和治理效益最大化需求为导向,综合水土流失面积和土壤侵蚀强度两个维度,提出小流域水土流失治理优先度定义及定量评价方法,为识别优先治理小流域提供科学依据和技术支撑。结果显示,秭归县2021年现状水土保持率为69.12%,远期（2050年）水土保持率为81.74%,总体提升12.62个百分点。秭归县2021年全域土壤侵蚀模数现状为758.50 t/(km²·a),最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为408.71 t/(km²·a),总体下降比例达46%。秭归县大部分区域均具有较大的水土保持率提升潜力和土壤侵蚀控制度,可完全治理和可降级的水土流失地块分布较为广泛,尤其在县域中西部的小流域存在较大的水土流失面积消减和土壤侵蚀强度降级空间。秭归县各小流域水土流失治理优先度的空间分布总体呈现中部高,东部和南部相对较低的分布格局,全县治理优先度大于0.6的小流域占总全县小流域的11.76%。通过典型县应用,该研究提出的小流域治理优先度涵盖了水土流失面积和土壤侵蚀强度两个维度,能更为全面满足小流域水土流失“减量和降级”双重目标和和治理效益最大化需求,直观反映了水土流失面积消减空间和土壤侵蚀强度降级空间的目标和相对大小,对支撑小流域治理决策更加准确、科学,治理优先度评价方法不仅可行,且易操作。     

Soil degradation and mitigation in agricultural lands in the Indian Anthropocene

Current widespread and intensive soil degradation in India has been driven by unprecedented levels of population growth, large-scale industrialization, high-yield agriculture, urban sprawl and the spread of human infrastructure. The damage caused to managed and natural systems by soil degradation threatens livelihoods and local services and leads to national socio-economic disruption. Human-induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, careless management of forests, surface mining, urban sprawl, and ill-planned commercial and industrial development. Of these, inappropriate agricultural practices, including excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, over-grazing, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning, account for nearly 40% (121 Mha) of land degradation across India. Globally, human activities related to agriculture contribute to the transgression of four of the nine Planetary Boundaries proposed by Rockström et al. (2009): Climate Change, Biodiversity Integrity, Land-system Change, and altered Phosphorus and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Flows. This review focuses on how knowledge of soil processes in agriculture has developed in India over the past 10 years, and the potential of soil science to meet the objectives of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture), using the context of the four most relevant Planetary Boundaries as a framework. Solutions to mitigate soil degradation and improve soil health in different regions using conservation agricultural approaches have been proposed. Thus, in this review we (1) summarize the outputs of recent innovative research in India that has explored the impacts of soil degradation on four Planetary Boundaries (Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Land-system Change, and altered Biogeochemical Flows of Phosphorus and Nitrogen) and vice-versa; and (2) identify the knowledge gaps that require urgent attention to inform developing soil science research agendas in India, to advise policy makers, and to support those whose livelihoods rely on the land.     

黔南州长顺县林业资源调查与分析

利用1996年二类调查与2011年林地保护利用规划调查的林地面积动态变化情况、经济林面积动态变化情况、林种结构动态变化情况、林地龄组结构动态变化情况的数据进行比较,分析得出长顺总的森林覆盖率、活立木蓄积量等有所提高,但中幼龄组结构比重较大,长顺可采伐的森林资源有待进一步的提高,笔者从多方面入手对长顺喀什特石漠化地区如何加强林业资源保护、科学经营管理林业和发展高效林业等,如何让林业为长顺县域的经济发展起引领作用等问题提出建议和意见.     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

单体原位聚合改性杨木性能的评价

开发一种杨木改性新方法:先采用琥珀酸酐(SA)预处理杨木,然后分别采用苯乙烯(ST)单体、苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(ST-GMA)对其进行原位聚合改性.检测结果显示,SA预处理试样仅尺寸稳定性有一定程度的改善,再经过ST、ST-GMA原位聚合改性后,试样的尺寸稳定性、力学性能和防腐能力均显著提高.     

桃源水库生态环境保护利用建议

通过对广西南宁桃源水库生态环境的现状的分析,提出了有针对性的生态保护和利用的措施与建议。