经济遗传值在甘蔗选育种的应用研究Ⅰ.经济遗传值及性状经济权重的确定

简述了澳大利亚协调工农利益关系的分糖制;甘蔗品种改良中,性状间的权衡,经济遗传值的概念,性状经济权重的估算原则。根据我国甘蔗产业的实际情况估算了我国甘蔗各主要经济性状的权重,以期为经济遗传值在我国甘蔗选育种中的应用研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Isotopic fractionation during N2 fixation by four tropical legumes

To quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to legume crops using the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, it is necessary to determine the ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from BNF—the B value. In this study, we used a technique to determine B whereby both legume and non-N₂-fixing reference plants were grown under the same conditions in two similar soils, one artificially labelled with ¹⁵N, and the other not. The proportion of N derived from BNF (%Ndfa) was determined from the plants grown in the ¹⁵N-labelled soil and it was assumed that the %Ndfa values of the legumes grown in the two soils were the same, hence the B value of the legumes could be calculated. The legumes used were velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) inoculated, or not, with different strains of rhizobium. The values of %Ndfa were all over 89%, and all the legumes grown in unlabelled soil showed negative δ¹⁵N values even though the plant-available N in this soil was found to be approximately +6.0‰. The B values for the shoot tissue (B_s) were calculated and ranged from approximately −1.4‰ for inoculated sunnhemp and groundnut to −2.4 and −4.5‰ for soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CPAC 7 and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain 29W, respectively. The B (B_wp) values for the whole plants including roots, nodules and the original seed N were still significantly different between the soybean plants inoculated with CPAC 7 (−1.33‰) and 29W (−2.25‰). In a parallel experiment conducted in monoxenic culture using the same soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains, the plants accumulated less N from BNF and the values were less negative, but still significantly different for soybean inoculated with the two different Bradyrhizobium strains. The results suggest that the technique utilized in this study to determine B with legume plants grown in soil in the open air, yields B values that are more appropriate for use under field conditions.     

Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) are two recently discovered processes in the nitrogen cycle that are catalysed by anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria, respectively. Here, the depth-specific distribution and importance of anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria were studied in an urban wetland, Xixi Wetland, Zhejiang Province (China). Anammox bacteria related to Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Anammoxoglobus, and n-damo bacteria related to “Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera” were present in the collected soil samples. The abundance of anammox bacteria (2.6–8.6 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils (0–10 cm and 20–30 cm) was higher than that (2.5–9.8 × 10⁵ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils, whereas the abundance of n-damo bacteria (0.6–1.3 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils (50–60 cm and 90–100 cm) was higher than that (3.4–4.5 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils. Anammox activity was detected at all depths, and higher potential rates (12.1–21.4 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) were observed at depths of 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm compared with the rates (3.5–8.7 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) measured at depths of 50–60 and 90–100 cm. In contrast, n-damo was mainly occurred at depths of 50–60 cm and 90–100 cm with potential rates of 0.7–5.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹. This study suggested the niche segregation of the anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria in wetland soils, with anammox bacteria being active primarily in deep soils and n-damo bacteria being active primarily in shallow soils.     

生态服务价值评估与国民经济核算简述

分析生态价值的量化问题，探讨环境资源—经济一体化核算及其存在的难点，展望其发展趋势。     

日粮蛋白质水平对梅花鹿瘤胃内pH值、NH_3-N和VFA浓度的影响

选用4头装置永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年梅花鹿,用4种含有不同蛋白质水平的日粮,按4×4拉丁方试验设计,对瘤胃内pH值、氨态氮(NH_3—N)和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度进行了测定,并研究了它们的动态变化规律以及VFA组分百分率。试验结果表明,在饲根精粗比为30:70条件下,日粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃内pH值影响较小(P>0.05);对NH_3—N浓度影响较大(P<0.05),随着日粮蛋白质水平的提高,瘤胃内NH_3—N浓度也随之升高;对TVFA浓度也有一定的影响,但各日粮间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过VFA的组分分析发现,各日粮组间C_2/C_3比值基本接近,即它们的发酵类型基本相同。     

EED地能设计软件的工程应用分析

换热器的设计是地源热泵空调系统设计的关键。目前,在地热换热器的设计计算方面缺少系统的理论研究。本文在北京北务开发区建立了地源热泵实验系统,利用数据采集装置对系统的冬季运行数据进行实时采集,并将一种新型地能设计软件(EED)用于该工程的设计和计算,模拟出循环液体的温度和其它设计参数。此外,本文还进行了实验数据与理论数据的比对,分析了造成数据差异的原因,为该设计软件的进一步推广和应用提供了依据。     

不同海拔高度西藏高原牦牛若干血液生理常值的比较

本试验对西藏藏北高原那曲(海拔4500米)牦牛,藏南河谷林芝(海拔3000米)牦牛进行了某些高原生理特性对比研究。测定了红细胞总数、红细胞压积、血液总量、血红蛋白含量及其电泳分析、血清蛋白含量及其电泳分析等。测定结果表明,生活在高海拔的藏北那曲牦牛,其红细胞总数、红细胞压积、血液总量、血红蛋白均极明显地高于较低海拔的藏南河谷牦牛,而其红细胞容积的立方微米数值较小,红细胞内血红蛋白的平均重量较轻,并发现变异血红蛋白(A_3)。根据本文分析,其主要归因于高海拔、低氧压。雄性牦牛的变异血红蛋白数量高于雄牦牛,差异极显著(P相似文献   

广西野生饲用植物资源考察

通过对广西野生饲用植物资源历时5年的考察,基本上摸清了野生饲用植物的种类分布及组成,了解了野生饲用植物的特点和营养价值,并提出了进一步开发利用本地饲草用植物资源的建议。对指导当前大力发展种草养畜,合理利用本地资源将具有现实意义。     

农业科学中的数值方程

依据量和单位的国家标准，给出了数值方程的概念，列举了数值方程在农业科学中的非标准化表达法，并提出了纠正办法。     

Cow-level evaluation of a kinetics ELISA with multiple cutoff values to detect fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in New York State dairy cows

In control programs for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the infection status of the cows in a herd is often obtained by testing (a sample of) the herd with an ELISA that may lack some sensitivity and specificity but that is fast and inexpensive. In New York State (NYS), an unabsorbed kinetics ELISA (KELA) has been used extensively for Map control. The objective of this study was to determine the relative sensitivity and specificity of the KELA for detection of fecal shedding of Map for the NYS dairy cow population, taking into account possible confounders such as different antigen batches and Map prevalence in a herd.

The data for the study consisted of all serum samples from NYS dairy cows with concurrent fecal culture results submitted to the NY Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory (NYAHDL) between 1991 and 1996 (n = 10,562). The data represented cows with different levels of fecal shedding from herds with different within-herd Map prevalence, including herds that were whole herd fecal culture negative on repeated testing.

The cutoff values were based on the predictive value for fecal shedding obtained with a multiple logistic regression model that included variables for the three antigen batches and the Map prevalence in the herd. The KELA could not distinguish between non-shedders and low shedders (≤30 total colony forming units (TCFU)) and thus the predictive value of the KELA to detect moderate to heavy fecal shedders (>30 TCFU) was modeled. The three cutoff values of 65, 135 and 170 were based on low (<0.2), moderate (<0.80) and high (>0.95) probabilities for moderate to heavy fecal shedding. The sensitivity and specificity values relative to culture were 67% and 95.2%, 31% and 99.7%, and 11% and 99.9% for the three cutoff values, respectively. Cutoff values for the KELA decreased for herds with increasing within-herd Map prevalence. For the best positive predictive value of a KELA for moderate to heavy fecal shedding, the cutoff values should be determined based on the apparent within-herd prevalence in a herd.