Assessing the role of the aquatic Natura 2000 network to protect both freshwater European species of community interest and threatened species in a Mediterranean region

1. The European Natura 2000 (N2K) network of protected areas stands out as the main conservation strategy in the European Union to preserve biodiversity under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. The management of N2K sites is mainly focused on protecting the biological elements as Special Areas of Conservation for habitats or species listed in the European Habitats Directive, or as Special Protection Areas for birds listed in the European Birds Directive for which the site was designated. It seems urgent, therefore, to discriminate which N2K sites are really providing effective protection for aquatic biodiversity.
3. Although the main objective of N2K is to protect species listed in the Birds and Habitats Directives, the conservation status of threatened species included in the European Red List of the IUCN must also be a concern for the European Union.
4. Focusing on Central Spain as a case study, the aim of this work was to evaluate how far aquatic N2K (i.e. N2K sites designated for the occurrence of freshwater elements) is effective in protecting both those aquatic species in the Directives [referred to here as Species of Community Importance (SCI) and threatened species (TS)].
5. Most of the N2K sites in the study area have been designated using aquatic elements, which means that N2K could theoretically provide appropriate mechanisms to preserve aquatic biodiversity. However, N2K provides a low percentage of overlap with some of the hotspots identified for both TS and SCI. Surprisingly, TS are in general similarly or even better represented than SCI by N2K.
6. N2K may provide good coverage for aquatic biodiversity, mainly by acting as an umbrella for other species, but it could be improved by addressing some spatial gaps, thereby making it more relevant to current challenges such as climate change and other human impacts.

     

Measuring inbreeding and inbreeding depression on pig growth from pedigree or SNP‐derived metrics

Multilocus homozygosity, measured as the proportion of the autosomal genome in homozygous genotypes or in runs of homozygosity, was compared with the respective pedigree inbreeding coefficients in 64 Iberian pigs genotyped using the Porcine SNP60 Beadchip. Pigs were sampled from a set of experimental animals with a large inbreeding variation born in a closed strain with a completely recorded multi‐generation genealogy. Individual inbreeding coefficients calculated from pedigree were strongly correlated with the different SNP‐derived metrics of homozygosity (r = 0.814–0.919). However, unequal correlations between molecular and pedigree inbreeding were observed at chromosomal level being mainly dependent on the number of SNPs and on the correlation between heterozygosities measured across different loci. A panel of 192 SNPs of intermediate frequencies was selected for genotyping 322 piglets to test inbreeding depression on postweaning growth performance (daily gain and weight at 90 days). The negative effects on these traits of homozygosities calculated from the genotypes of 168 quality‐checked SNPs were similar to those of inbreeding coefficients. The results support that few hundreds of SNPs may be useful for measuring inbreeding and inbreeding depression, when the population structure or the mating system causes a large variance of inbreeding.     

山东半岛蓝色经济区海岛休闲渔业开发评价

[目的]对山东半岛蓝色经济区海岛休闲渔业的开发状况进行评价,并提出进一步的开发策略,为海岛休闲渔业健康发展提供参考.[方法]运用综合归纳法构建海岛休闲渔业开发的评价模型树,采用层次分析法对山东半岛蓝色经济区海岛集中的青岛、烟台、威海和日照4个有代表性地区的休闲渔业开发状况进行评价.[结果]山东半岛蓝色经济区4个有代表性地区海岛休闲渔业开发评价的综合得分高低次序为：青岛＞烟台＞威海＞日照,表明在山东半岛海岛休闲渔业开发最好的是青岛,之后依次是烟台、威海和日照;就海岛休闲渔业开发综合得分的级别而言,青岛和烟台得分在30～40,属于Ⅱ级,威海和日照的得分在20～30分,属于Ⅲ级;海岛休闲渔业开发综合得分较高的青岛和烟台也仅30多分,说明山东半岛蓝色经济区海岛休闲渔业的整体发展水平仍然偏低;就开发条件而言,即使分数最低的日照也达到22.5078分,但就开发水平而言,仅烟台和青岛在7.5000分以上,表明这4个地区满足休闲渔业的开发条件,但其开发水平有待提高.[建议]应积极修复海洋渔业资源、构建现代综合交通网络、制定合理的发展规划、健全相关的法律和法规、拓展休闲渔业资金来源、开发和设计有特色的休闲渔业产品,以促进山东半岛蓝色经济区海岛休闲渔业的健康发展.     

胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄病害的发生与防治现状调查

采用田间调查结合问卷调查的方法,对山东胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄生长期病害进行调查。结果表明:山东胶东半岛地区酿酒葡萄生长期主要病害有6种,包括炭疽病、霜霉病、白腐病、灰霉病、酸腐病以及褐斑病;其中炭疽病是主要病害,发病严重的病果率达35.63%,个别地块有绝收现象;褐斑病只在个别地块中发现;酸腐病和霜霉病在葡萄生长后期加重;炭疽病严重的地块酸腐病也严重。病害防治主要采用化学药剂防治,药剂种类以石硫合剂、波尔多液、多菌灵及福美双为主;整个生长季施药普遍在14～15次,最多可达17次。     

基于增长极开发模式的山东半岛蓝色经济区发展研究

阐述了增长极开发模式在山东半岛蓝色经济区的应用,一方面可把山东半岛打造成国家发展战略中独立的增长极;另一方面,提升青岛龙头城市的功能和强化辐射作用。为了进一步加快山东半岛蓝色经济区发展,提出了建设蓝色经济区、打造胶东半岛高端产业集聚区龙头两大对策建议。     

Vertical distribution and migration of fish larvae in the NW Iberian upwelling system during the winter mixing period: implications for cross‐shelf distribution

The vertical distribution and vertical migrations of fish larvae and implications for their cross‐shelf distribution were investigated in the northern limit of the NE Atlantic upwelling region during the late winter mixing period of 2012. The average positive values of the upwelling index for February and March of this year were far from normal, although the average hydrographic conditions during the period of study were of downwelling and the water column was completely mixed. Fish larvae, most in the preflexion stage, were concentrated in the upper layers of the water column and their distribution was depth stratified, both day and night. However, the larval fish community was not structured in the vertical plane and fish larvae did not show significant diel vertical migration (DVM), although five species showed ontogenetic vertical migration. In regions of coastal upwelling and in the absence of DVM, the location of fish larvae in the water column is crucial for their cross‐shelf distribution. Thus, the cross‐shelf distribution of the six most abundant species collected in this study can be explained by the surface onshore flow associated with coastal downwelling, retaining larvae of the coastal spawning species with a relatively shallow distribution in the shelf region and transporting larvae of slope spawning species onto the shelf. The wide vertical distribution shown by larvae of the offshore spawning species could be an adaptation of these species to ensure that some larvae reach the inshore nursery areas.     

胶东半岛丘陵区冲沟分形特征及其影响因素研究

以胶东半岛丘陵区7个集水区为研究对象,采用SA模型提取研究区冲沟系统,测算各集水区冲沟沟长盒维数,分析沟长分形特征及其与地形参数和土地利用类型间的关系,厘定研究区内冲沟发育演化的特征及规律。结果表明:(1)东部构造活动性强的隆起区分维值明显高于西部构造活动性弱的沉积凹陷区,沟长分形特征主要受区域地质构造控制。(2)沟长分维数与平均坡度、地表粗糙度、剖面曲率、沟壑密度和沟头密度等地形参数之间相关性显著,而与集水区面积和沟长没有相关性。(3)沟头密度、沟壑密度与沟长分维数间具有极显著正相关性,相关系数分别为0.982 4,0.975 3,是表征沟谷分形特征的重要参数,可作为估算区域沟谷分形特征和分形维数的简单指标。(4)沟长分维数与集水区内林草地比存在较显著正相关性,与丘陵旱地比具有较显著的负相关性,相关系数分别为0.893和-0.919 8,表明冲沟展布形态特征同地质构造控制下的大的地貌轮廓关系密切,与人类改造地表形成的微地貌关系不大。     

雷州半岛南珠产业可持续发展的思路与对策

为全面了解和掌握南珠产业发展现状,从养殖技术与环境、南珠养殖结构、养殖户、社会公共管理、珍珠行业发展形势等角度分析了南珠产业发展过程中存在的问题,对南珠产业的发展优势与潜力进行了深度剖析,并提出了实现可持续发展的思路与对策:改善养殖环境,净化环境,建立珍珠原、良种基地,实现保种供应;增加珍珠养殖品种,发展特色养殖,满足社会综合需求;政府政策要巩固、完善和加强支农惠农政策,加快农业科技进步,全面推进农村综合改革。     

2015年9月1～2日山东半岛北部强降水过程分析

利用常规天气图、多普勒等效雷达、区域自动气象站等资料,从环流背景、物理量、雷达回波特征等方面对2015年9月1～2日发生在山东半岛北部附近的强降水进行综合分析.结果表明,强降水发生在500 hPa低压中心,700、850 hPa受明显的切变线影响,低压中心周围的风速差较大,产生强烈的气旋性辐合区;半岛北部存在明显的上升运动,上升运动将低层不稳定性向上输送,使对流不稳定性层次增厚,有了形成强降水的动力机制;半岛北部附近存在明显的水汽辐合区,有充足的水汽输送;以上的动力条件和水汽条件是造成强降水的关键.对流不稳定能量不断累积增强,为此次强降水的形成提供了充足的能量;同时,雷达强降水回波也不断生成;特殊的沿海地形影响对这次强降水的形成也起重要作用,同时也造成了降水时空分布不均匀.     

古代朝鲜半岛造园特征解析

选取在统一新罗末期萌芽,在高丽时期发展起来的自然山水式园林为研究对象,通过研究相关遗存文献和现存的平壤城的高句丽安鹤宫、统一新罗时期庆州的雁鸭池、高丽时期的一些寺刹园林和朝鲜时期的宫苑及住宅园林,解析古代朝鲜半岛统一新罗时代、高丽时期、朝鲜时期的造园特征。朝鲜半岛的古代园林特征从整体上看体现为"无技巧"的自然、山水式园林。