基于一维变分调整地表温度的应用研究

针对地表温度和地表发射率的不确定性,提出选取大气红外探测器（AIRS）波长在11～12μm的窗区通道,通过一维变分调整地表温度,并研究地表温度调整后对GRAPES三维变分同化系统分析场的影响。结果表明,利用一维变分对地表温度进行调整,能够减小位势高度场和风场与FNL资料的均方根误差,提出的利用一维变分调整地表温度具有一定的可行性。     

Line-scan hyperspectral imaging system for real-time inspection of poultry carcasses with fecal material and ingesta

In poultry processing plants, fecal material and ingesta are the primary source of carcass contamination with microbial pathogens. The current practice of the poultry inspection in the United States is primarily human visual observations. Since the visual inspection is becoming more challenging in poultry processing plants adopting high-speed lines, a rapid sorting system could significantly improve the detection and monitoring of carcasses with surface fecal material and ingesta. As a result, we developed a prototype line-scan hyperspectral imaging system configured as a real-time multispectral imaging subsystem for online detection of surface fecal material and ingesta. Specifically, we integrated a commercially available off-the-shelf hyperspectral image camera into the system with two line lights and a custom software program for real-time multispectral imaging. The bottleneck of the imaging system was the data acquisition. For that reason, a multithreaded software architecture was designed and implemented not only to meet the application requirements such as speed and detection accuracy, but also to be customizable to different imaging applications such as systemic disease detection in the future. The image acquisition and processing speed tests confirmed the system could operate to scan poultry carcasses in commercial poultry processing plants. The fecal detection algorithm was based on the previous research using different hyperspectral imaging systems. A new carcass detection and image formation algorithm was developed to allow existing image processing and detection algorithms reusable without any modifications. Sixteen chicken carcasses and four different types of fecal and ingesta samples were used in a study to test the imaging system at two different speeds (140 birds per minute and 180 birds per minute) in a pilot-scale poultry processing facility. The study found that the system could grab and process three waveband images of carcasses moving up to 180 birds per minute (a line-scan rate 286 Hz) and detect fecal material and ingesta on their surfaces. The detection accuracy of the system varied between 89% and 98% with minimum false positive errors (less than 1%), depending on tested detection algorithms. Therefore, these findings provide the basis of not only a commercially viable imaging platform for fecal detection but also a single poultry inspection system for multiple tasks such as systemic disease detection and quality sorting.     

Use of ground based hyperspectral remote sensing for detection of stress in cotton caused by leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Detection of crop stress is one of the major applications of hyperspectral remote sensing in agriculture. Many studies have demonstrated the capability of remote sensing techniques for detection of nutrient stress on cotton with only few on pest damage but none so far on leafhopper (LH) severity. Subsequent to introduction of Bt cotton, leafhopper is emerging as a key pest in several countries. In view of its wide host range, geographical distribution and damage potential, a study was initiated to characterise leafhopper stress on cotton, identify sensitive bands, and derive hyperspectral vegetation indices specific to this pest. Cotton plants with varying levels of LH severity were selected from three locations across major cotton growing regions of India. About 57-58 cotton plants from each location exhibiting different levels of LH damage symptoms were selected. Reflectance measurements in the spectral range of 350-2500 nm were made using hyperspectral radiometer. Simultaneously chlorophyll (Chl) and relative water content (RWC) were also estimated from the selected plants. Reflectance from healthy and leafhopper infested plants showed a significant difference in VIS and NIR regions. Decrease in Chl a pigment was more significant than Chl b in the infested plants and the ratio of Chl a/b showed a decreasing trend with increase in LH severity. Regression analysis revealed a significant linear relation between LH severity and Chl (R² = 0.505^∗∗), and a similar fit was also observed for RWC (R² = 0.402^∗∗). Plotting linear intensity curves between reflectance at each waveband with infestation grade resulted in six sensitive bands that exhibited maximum correlation at different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (376, 496, 691, 761, 1124 and 1457 nm). Regression analysis of several ratio indices formulated with two or more of these sensitive bands led to the identification of new leaf hopper indices (LHI) with a potential to detect leafhopper severity. These new indices along with 20 other stress related hyperspectral indices compiled from literature were further tested for their ability to detect LH severity. Two novel indices LHI 2 and LHI 4 proposed in this study showed significantly high coefficients of determination across locations (R² range 0.521 to 0.825^∗∗) and hence have the potential use for detection of leafhopper severity in cotton.     

基于高光谱影像的树种分类

应用环境与灾害监测预报小卫星(HJ-1A)的超光谱成像仪(HSI)高光谱影像,对大兴安岭地区塔河林区进行树种分类。HSI数据经过去条带和大气校正预处理,获取准确的树种光谱信息,分别采用波谱角填图法和线性波谱分离法进行树种分类。结果表明:在树种识别中,基于线性波谱分离的方法较基于波谱角填图法要优越,线性波谱分离方法的总体精度为72.0%,Kappa系数为0.600;波谱角填图法的总体精度为62.5%,Kappa系数为0.459。     

基于光谱分类的土壤盐分含量预测

基于相似土壤组分和光谱特征,利用土壤光谱反射率数据和曲线特征来进行土壤光谱分类,同时充分挖掘有效信息是光谱分析的重要应用方向之一。借助模糊k-均值聚类方法将土壤光谱数据分成四个类别(分类前先将原始光谱进行范围归一化处理),比较分析了不同类型土壤在光谱分类前后的高光谱特征,然后利用Kennard-Stone法将各类别样本划分为建模集和预测集,将预处理后的建模集光谱数据作为输入量,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)方法建立全局和各自类别的盐分预测模型。结果表明:光谱分类建模较按土壤系统分类建模和全局建模的精度有明显提高,其预测模型总体的预测决定系数RP2、预测均方根误差RMSEP、相对分析误差RPD和RPIQ(样本观测值三四分位数Q3与一四分位数Q1之差与RMSEP的比值)四个指标分别从0.664、1.219、1.733和1.461提高至0.818、1.132、2.356和2.422,其中RPD提高幅度达23.13%,四个类别所建模型RPD均大于2.0,可以对土壤含盐量进行较为精确的定量研究。研究结果为利用大样本光谱数据建立大尺度区域的盐分等土壤属性预测模型提供一种新的思路和方法。     

Design of a hyperspectral nitrogen sensing system for orange leaves

The orange (Citrus sinensis) is one of the most important agricultural crops in Florida. Heavy reliance on agricultural chemicals and low fertilizer use efficiencies in citrus production have raised environmental and economic concerns. In this study, a nitrogen sensor was developed to predict nitrogen concentrations in orange leaves. Four design criteria were chosen to maximize the sensing efficiency and reliability. They were: (1) coverage of the spectral N sensing range, (2) no moving parts, (3) single leaf detection, and (4) diffuse reflectance measurement. Based on chlorophyll and protein spectral absorption bands, the sensor's wavelength ranges were chosen to be 620–950 nm and 1400–2500 nm. A reflectance housing was designed to block environmental noise and to ensure single leaf measurement. A halogen light source, two detector arrays, two linear variable filters, and data acquisition cards with 16-bit analog-to-digital converters were used to collect data. The designed N sensor had a spectral resolution less than 30 nm. Test results showed that the nitrogen sensor had good linearity (r > 0.99) and stability. With averaged signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 299, the system was able to predict N content with a root mean square difference (RMSD) of l.69 g kg⁻¹ for the validation data set. Using the N sensor, unknown leaf samples could be classified into low, medium and high N levels with 70% accuracy.     

水稻穗部氮素含量高光谱估测研究

氮素是影响水稻生长发育的主要营养元素之一,稻穗生长与氮素营养息息相关。本研究利用高光谱技术测定了稻穗的全氮含量并进行了相应的分析,结果表明：稻穗全氮含量与冠层光谱反射率在近红外波段760~1 300nm呈极显著负相关关系,稻穗全氮含量与光谱特征指数λb、SDr、SDr/SDb、DVI的相关性较好,并建立了相应的估算模型。经独立的实测数据检验可知,基于SDr/SDb与DVI指数组合所建线性回归模型y=2.075+0.001x₁-2.952x₂估测稻穗全氮含量效果最好。上述结果为稻穗营养元素的快速诊断提供了新的手段。     

冬小麦病虫害的高光谱识别方法研究

为探讨冬小麦病虫害的高光谱遥感识别的可行性,在冬小麦白粉病、条锈病人工接种诱发和麦长管蚜自然危害条件下,利用ASD手持式高光谱仪,测定了冬小麦的田间光谱反射率,并经一阶微分、对数及归一化等数据变换,通过逐步判别、线性判别和分层聚类等方法时不同病虫害进行识别.结果表明,利用逐步判别分析法选择的重要波段主要位于蓝绿区和红边区及近红外区;分层聚类法选择的波段除了常规波段外,还有红、绿波段边缘区.利用上述方法选择的波段对病虫害进行识别比原始波段具有更高的精度(90.6%),边缘区波段对病虫害的识别有重要作用,用对教-微分变换处理较其他方法处理对病虫害识别有更好的效果.     

Analysis of hyperspectral reflectance data for monitoring growth and development of lesquerella

Seed oil from lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats.) is currently being developed as a biorenewable petroleum substitute, but several issues related to crop management and breeding must be resolved before the crop will be commercially viable. Due particularly to the prominent yellow flowers exhibited by lesquerella canopies, remote sensing may be a useful tool for monitoring and managing the crop. In this study, we used a hand-held spectroradiometer to measure spectral reflectance over lesquerella canopies in 512 narrow wavebands from 268 to 1095 nm over two growing seasons at Maricopa, Arizona. Biomass samples were also regularly collected and processed to obtain aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts. Partial least squares regression was used to develop predictive models for estimating the three lesquerella biophysical variables from canopy spectral reflectance. For model fitting and model testing, the root mean squared prediction errors between measured and modeled aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts were 2.1 and 2.3 Mg ha⁻¹, 251 and 304 flowers, and 1018 and 1019 siliques, respectively. Analysis of partial least squares regression coefficients and loadings highlighted the most sensitive spectral wavebands for estimating each biophysical variable. For example, the flower count model heavily emphasized the reflectance of yellow light at 583 nm, and contrasted that with reflectance in the blue (483 nm) and at the red edge (721 nm). Because of the indeterminate nature of lesquerella flowering patterns, remote sensing methods that monitor flowering progression may aid management decisions related to the timing of irrigations, desiccant application, and crop harvest.     

哈尔滨市土壤有机质高光谱模型

通过对哈尔滨市土壤样品实测和室内高光谱测定,以土壤光谱反射率(反射率倒数、反射率对数、反射率一阶微分等)的数学变换数据作为自变量,土壤有机质质量分数的对数作为因变量,利用Matlab7.1软件,多元统计分析方法,建立了哈尔滨市土壤有机质质量分数高光谱多元逐步回归分析模型,实现了对哈尔滨地区土壤有机质的快速预测。