近40年洮河流域干燥度变化趋势分析

利用洮河流域7个气象站1971-2010年的地面气象观测资料,根据Holdridge生命地带模型对洮河流域近40 a的干燥度变化进行了分析。结果表明：近40 a洮河流域内可能蒸散率（PER）以0．02·10a-1～0．07·10a-1的趋势上升,20世纪90年代后 PER的平均值比20世纪90年代前上升了0．12,洮河流域从20世纪90年代开始出现了明显的变干的趋势;近40 a洮河流域温度呈明显上升趋势,上升趋势为0．32～0．54℃·10a-1,20世纪80年代末到90年代洮河流域气温出现了暖突变;降水量呈减少的趋势,其中以中、下游减少最明显,减少趋势为13．3～21．8 mm·10a-1;洮河流域出现了明显的暖干化趋势。     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型,因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中,ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性,21世纪以来不断进化,除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外,还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球,造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程,着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制,以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。     

水稻粳糯杂交新组合的选育及其特征特性

选用综合农艺性状优良的粳型寒丰糯（HFWx）,与同型的寒丰不育系（HFA）进行杂交、回交转育成粳型糯质新不育系寒丰糯A（HFwxA）,与自主选育的粳型糯质恢复系糯恢2号配组育成了杂交粳型糯稻新组合糯杂2号。小区试验和生产示范结果表明,该组合具有高产、优质、抗性强等特点。介绍了糯杂2号的选育经过、产量表现和特征特性。     

陕甘宁老区建立生态特区的必要性分析

本文从历史与现状方面分析了陕甘宁老区加强生态环境建设的必要性。阐述了陕甘宁老区历史上范围的变化及其对中国革命和经济建设的贡献。从多方面分析了它的自然条件 ,揭示了其自然环境的脆弱性。说明了该区经济建设取得的成就和存在的问题 ,揭示了其贫困落后的社会经济状况。提出了在该区建立生态特区以促进其生态环境建设的观点。     

白鸡腰子温带野生果树植物资源

白鸡腰子屑温带气候，在低地落叶阔叶树混交林带和红松混交林带中具有种类繁多的野生果树植物资源。作者研究了25种果实可以鲜食的主要温带野生果树，包括其生活型、果实风味、大小，形态和花期、果期等。指出了部分果树可以栽培并在温带地区推广，同时，还简述了主要野生果树的民间利用方式；指出了由于清林、种参和森林减少，使资源正受到威胁，建议加强驯化研究和保护。     

北方农牧交错区土地利用覆盖变化对大型土壤动物群落结构的影响

在北方农牧交错区东段科尔沁沙地选择草地、沙地、农田和林地4种土地利用覆盖类型,采用手拣法调查不同类型样地大型土壤动物群落特征,分析土地利用覆盖变化对大型土壤动物群落的作用及其影响因素.结果表明:4种土地类型生境共获得10目27科43个类群,其中拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)、鳃金龟科(Melolonthidae)幼虫和蚁科(Formicidae)为优势类群,个体数占总个体数的41.79％.草地开垦为农田或过度放牧沙化后土壤容重增加且碱性增强,土壤养分损失,而流动沙地种植人工灌木林后可在一定程度上降低土壤容重并增加土壤水分,增强生境的异质性.草地沙化后直接影响优势类群鳃金龟科幼虫和蚁科的个体数分布,显著降低了大型土壤动物多样性;大型土壤动物个体数、类群数和Shannon指数在沙地生境显著低于草地生境;流动沙地人工种植灌木林后可增加拟步甲科个体数的分布并提高大型土壤动物群落的多样性;但草地开垦为农田对大型土壤动物多样性的影响相对较低.因此,对草地进行围栏封育、防治土壤沙化以及流动沙地人工种植灌木林等退耕还林还草措施均可改善土壤环境,保护和维持大型土壤动物多样性,有利于农牧交错区生态系统的有效恢复和保护.     

平欧杂种榛高接换种技术

榛子营养丰富、用途广泛,市场经济价值较高,但由于平欧杂种榛发展时间短,可参照经验少,加之品种特性差异大,在山西省的种植过程中发现部分品种抗旱性差、生长势弱、丰产性差、果实质量低等不良表现,亟需高接改良。鉴于此,笔者结合多年的高接换种试验,在高接时间、高接方法、高接后管理等方面,总结了高接换种技术。实践证明该技术操作简便,速度快,成活率高达95%以上,且成形快、结果早。     

华北农牧交错带畜牧业外部经济效应解析

针对华北农牧交错带畜牧业现状与问题,选择代表性村庄,采用生产调查方法,对区域畜牧业外部经济效应进行了解析。结果表明,华北农牧交错区畜牧业是转化农业副产品、无偿利用草场、以残屑食物链增值和环境外部效益支撑的“数量”型畜牧业。通过降低日粮标准的“七成饱”饲养方式增加了近四成的载畜规模。畜牧业外部性表现为草地过牧、农田过收,草地是外部不经济性的主要承担者。放牧条件下以青玉米为代表的人工饲草投入,更大程度上加剧草地超载。低效畜牧业的扩张是建立在经济负外部性基础之上。依据畜牧业表象提出将区域畜牧业发展为第一产业主导产业是不切实际的。通过建立生态补偿机制、发展高效替代产业的途径解决区域畜牧业外部性问题值得探讨。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

Morphological quality of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) ears as response to soil moisture tension and phosphate fertilization in Campeche, Mexico

In Mexico, corn production, part of which is sweet corn, is mainly destined for human consumption. In the present work, the morphological quality of sweet corn ears was assessed in response to four levels of soil moisture tension indicating irrigation start (−5, −30, −55, and −80 kPa) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (60, 80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) in carstic soils in the south-east of Mexico. A factorial experimental design with three replicates was used. The following variables were determined: fresh weight (SCFWh), dry weight (SCDWh), diameter (SCDh), and length (SCLh) of sweet corn ears, all without husk, as well as number of kernels (NKxE), number of unfilled kernels (NUK), number of rows (NRxE), and dry kernel weight per ear (DKW). Yield of fresh (YFSCh) and dry (YDSCh) sweet corn ears, both without husk, and the harvest index (HI) were also determined. HI did not show significant statistical differences among irrigation or fertilization treatments. Regarding the other variables, the effect of the more humid treatments (−5 and −30 kPa) and the effect of the higher phosphorus doses (80 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) were statistically equal (P ≤ 0.01) with the lowest NUK and the highest values of all other variables; therefore, irrigation start at soil moisture tension of −30 kPa and phosphate fertilization application of 80 kg ha⁻¹ are recommended. At this level of soil moisture, the mean values over the three fertilization levels and all the replicates, obtained for SCFWh, SCDh, SCLh and NKxE were 198.5 g, 4.39 cm, 26.72 cm and 467 grains, respectively. According to the regression models, moisture tensions from −11.8 to −24.0 kPa, and phosphate fertilization doses from 87.7 to 102.2 kg ha⁻¹ minimize NUK and maximize the values of the rest of the variables. The highest irrigation water use efficiency was found in the moisture tension treatment of −30 kPa with an increase of 27 kg ha⁻¹ ears for each millimeter of applied irrigation water.