谈雁鸣湖自然保护区野生植物资源及保护对策

简要介绍了吉林雁鸣湖国家级自然保护区野生植物资源的状况,进而提出了相应的保护对策。     

A probability-based approach to match species with reserves when data are at different resolutions

Gap analysis is a protocol for assessing the extent to which valued biodiversity attributes are represented within protected areas. Such analysis involves overlaying the distribution of biodiversity features (e.g. species) with protected areas, but the protocol entails arbitrary assumptions that affect the outcome of the assessments. In particular, since species’ distributions are usually mapped at a coarser resolution than protected areas, rules have to be defined to match the two data layers. Typically, a grid cell is considered protected if a given proportion is covered by protected areas. Because the effectiveness of protected areas is dependent on the definition of such arbitrary proportions (i.e., thresholds), errors of commission and omission in the level of species’ representation are bound to exist. We propose an alternative approach whereby the contribution of a cell for the representation of species is defined as the expected value of a hyper-geometric random variable. We compare the conventional approach based on fixed thresholds with this new probability-based approach for both static and dynamic conservation scenarios, using a virtual dataset and a 100-plant-species’ dataset for Iberian Peninsula. Results support the view that traditional fixed thresholds yield inconsistent results. Because species present different distributional patterns coinciding differently with protected areas, species-specific and time-specific thresholds should be used. Our approach enables to easily obtain these more adequate threshold values, thus offering a promising method for gap analyses. Future studies should seek to evaluate the performance of this method empirically in different conservation planning contexts.     

梵净山自然保护区马槽河秋季水生昆虫调查及水质评价

水生昆虫属于节肢动物门(Arthropdoda)昆虫纲(Insecta).为了了解梵净山水生昆虫资源的现状及梵净山水质状况,2013年10月对梵净山马槽河进行实地调查.共采集水生昆虫标本419个,共计13种,分别属于6目10科12属.其中,蜉蝣目(Ephemeroptera)、鞘翅目(Plecoptera)和毛翅目(Trichoptera)个体数量之和占水生昆虫标本总数量的95.94％,为3大优势类群.对马槽河的水质现状进行评价,利用科级水平生物指数FBI(Family-Level Biotic Index)以及Shannon-Wiener(香农-维纳)多样性指数两种水质生物学评价方法,分析得出马槽河水质状况为清洁.     

长白山自然保护区植物群落降噪效果研究

通过对环境噪声实测,对长白山国家级自然保护区中不同海拔的3类不同林型7条林带分别进行降噪效果试验,通过室内数据的整理分析,得出:①林带的减噪效果随水平能见度的增加总体呈下降趋势.②林带宽度越大,降噪效果越明显.③以落叶阔叶林和落叶针叶林为主的林带对白噪声的降噪效果随季节变化差异较大,以常绿针叶林为主的林带对白噪声的降噪效果受季节变化影响最小,降噪效果最稳定.     

The influence of different land‐use practices on soil erosion,herbage production and on grass species richness and diversity

A fence‐line contrast study compared erosion levels, herbage production and grass species diversity in Umfolozi Game Reserve (UGR) and adjacent KwaZulu (KWZ). There was no significant difference in soil loss or A‐horizon depths measured in KWZ and UGR, but there were significant differences in both parameters when measurements from upper, mid and lower slope sites were compared. Similarly, there was no significant difference between herbage accumulated in KWZ and UGR in the absence of grazing, but there was a significant difference between the upper, mid and lower slope plots. There was also no significant difference between grass species richness measured on plots in KWZ and UGR, but there was a highly significant difference when the grass species richness was compared between upper, mid and lower slopes. The major conclusion drawn from these results was that differences in the topographical position of the plots, rather than differences in land‐use practices, explained the greater amount of variability in the data.     

An Assessment of the English Farm Woodland Premium Scheme and its Ability to Promote and Sustain Environmental Improvements in Agricultural Landscapes

Governmental programs have been widely used in the United States and elsewhere to address agricultural problems. In England, the Farm Woodland Premium Scheme (FWPS) was established in 1992 to compensate farmers for converting farmlands into woodlands. This study found that the program was successful, but could be improved with a few modifications. For example, the high level of farmer satisfaction indicates that the scheme's enrollment levels are sustainable. However, implementing incentives for tenant participation and providing forest management training programs might achieve increased enrollment levels. Furthermore, FWPS administrators reported a tension-free relationship with farmers, steady funding levels, and new program efficiencies. The scheme may be even more effective, however, if it had more funding, better coordination between agencies, and slightly modified compliance policies. The FWPS also has promoted significant environmental improvements to the countryside by expanding woodland cover and edge, increasing wildlife biodiversity, and diminishing pollution levels. However, encouraging plantings that supplement or connect existing woodland patches would likely enhance such environmental benefits. The scheme should also provide effective flood and erosion control over time, as the new plantings develop into mature forests. Insights into the FWPS and its environmental benefits are discussed with respect to their possible relevance elsewhere.     

小五台山自然保护区褐马鸡种群分布研究

1995—1998年，我们对小五台山自然保护区褐马鸡种群生态生物学习性进行了较系统研究，特别是在1995年10月-1996年6月通过基本路线法对该区内褐马鸡种群数量进行了调查，基本掌握了褐马鸡在小五台山自然保护区内的分布。提出了今后小五台山自然保护区在褐马鸡保护方面要防止种群岛屿化现象出现，加强物种交流，建立生物廊道，人为控制天敌数量等具体措施。     

甘肃尕海-则岔自然保护区蝶类群落及其区系

2012-2015年5月-9月,通过走样线和广泛采集的方式首次对甘肃尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区的蝶类进行了调查,采集到蝶类标本共计681号,经整理鉴定共有136种(亚种),隶属于8科74属。其中凤蝶科1属3种、绢蝶科1属13种、粉蝶科8属32种、眼蝶科14属19种、蛱蝶科21属32种、蚬蝶科2属3种、灰蝶科20属25种、弄蝶科7属9种。其中,粉蝶科和蛱蝶科为优势种群,灰蝶科和眼蝶科为次优势种群,绢蝶科和弄蝶科为常见种群,凤蝶科和蚬蝶科为罕见种群。136种蝶类中,属于古北界的有95种,占69.85%;东洋界的有5种,占3.68%;广布种有36种,占总种数的26.47%,即古北界分布的种类占绝对优势。通过研究该保护区的蝶类资源对于甘肃及我国蝶类研究积累基础资料。     

里岔黑猪后备公猪的培育技术要点

做好后备公猪的培育是规模养猪场生产的重要环节,文章旨在从后备公猪培育的相关技术要点出发,综述了里岔黑猪规模养猪场后备公猪培育的环境、营养、管理和保健相关技术要点,以期为里岔黑猪规模养猪场培育后备公猪提供参考。     

哈巴湖国家级自然保护区固沙林地土壤颗粒分形特征

为科学评价植被恢复促进沙漠化逆转对土壤质地的影响,以流动沙地(CK)、黑沙蒿林地(AF)、杨树林地(PF)及沙柳林地(SF)荒漠生态系统为研究对象,分析不同固沙林地土壤颗粒组成、土壤养分特征及其相关性。结果表明:固沙林地土壤颗粒组成主要以50～250μm的细沙粒为主,AF显著提高了0～10 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量和土壤颗粒体积分形维数(P<0.01),分形维数表现为AF>PF>CK>SF,各固沙林地间分形维数差异极显著(P<0.01);相关性分析表明,黏粉粒含量越高,分形维数越大,土壤物理稳定性越好;分形维数与土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量极显著正相关,与细砂粒体积百分比极显著负相关,土壤颗粒分形维数D值每增加1,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别增加2.80、0.13 g·kg^-1和0.10 g·kg^-1。分形维数可以作为表征人工林固沙后沙丘土壤质地变化和沙丘土壤环境演变的敏感性综合指标。