关于玛纳斯河灌区水价改革的几点思考

水是一种特殊商品,有使用价值。然而,福利供水和低水价以及水价改革的滞后,一方面掩盖了水的稀缺性、珍贵性;一方面水利工程无法得到资金补偿。以玛纳斯河灌区为对象,对此问题进行探讨,并提出了水价改革的基本思路。     

Spatiotemporal changes in terrestrial water storage in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region from GRACE satellites

The Sandstorm Source Control Project in and around the Beijing-Tianjin region was one of the most important ecological projects in China. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) has important impacts on the ecological construction, agriculture, industry, and resident’s lives. Based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, meteorological and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, etc., this paper analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics of TWS, groundwater storage, and precipitation, and explored the influencing factors of regional TWS combined with land use and land cover (LULC), social and economic data. The most important results were as follows: (1) From 2003 to 2016, TWS in the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Region showed a decreasing trend with a rate of 3.14 mm yr⁻¹. (2) The TWS decline was caused mainly by groundwater overexploitation, but not precipitation variation. (3) Spatiotemporal variations of TWS were related to LULC. The area with the most serious decrease of TWS was mainly located in the southwestern part of the region, where farmland percentage and population density were greater. (4) Reducing the percent of farmland and tree planting, and adding the shrub and grass planting, could be a viable choice for the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project. These results provide a scientific basis for regional water resource and ecological management.     

山区水土保持农业结构模式——以大别山区罗田县巴河上游为例

以大别山区罗田县巴河上游自然环境结构的研究为基础,划分治理类型区,建立以优化农林结构为主的分层治理模式,并以水土保持为重点,论证了模式效益。     

甘肃黄土高原近52年四季极端降水变化特征

为了客观分析并揭示甘肃黄土高原近52年各季极端降水过程的气候变化事实,利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960—2011年12个站点及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值,并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Morlet小波、Mann-Kendall检验、R/S方法分析了近52年甘肃黄土高原四季的极端降水特征。结果表明：（1）甘肃黄土高原地区近52年极端降水主要发生在夏季;（2）四季极端降水都呈下降趋势,其中秋季下降趋势最为显著;（3）夏季和秋季极端降水量和年极端降水量的相关性最好,对年极端降水量有很好的响应;（4）在空间分布上,四季极端降水在北部增加显著,减小区主要集中在中部;（5）四季极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡,以25年左右的震荡周期最为明显;（6）只有夏季极端降水发生了突变;（7）R/S分析表明,夏季极端降水未来的变化趋势和过去相反,其他3个季节极端降水未来的变化趋势都和过去一致。关键词：极端降水;四季;变化特征;甘肃黄土高原     

1965—2015年庆阳塬区气温和降水极端事件研究分析

为了研究庆阳塬区气温和降水极端事件变化的特点及规律,提供防灾减灾科学依据,利用1965—2015年庆阳塬区西峰站的平均气温、日最高气温、日最低气温、降水等观测资料,应用多种方法和指标进行分析。结果表明：（1）庆阳塬区年平均降水量539 mm,极端降水阈值22.7 mm,极端降水日数4.8天,极端降水强度36.6 mm/d,暴雨32次。（2）年平均气温9.0℃,极端最高气温29.2~36.4℃,极端最低气温-22.6~-11.3℃,夏天日数65.1天,低温日数125.7天,高温31次。（3）年降水量、极端降水量、极端降水日数及强度均呈减少趋势,年最大日降水量呈不显著上升趋势,暴雨变化趋势比较平稳。（4）年平均气温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、夏天日数均呈上升趋势,低温日数减少趋势与年平均气温、极端最低气温出现增温相对应。（5）年降水量与极端降水量之间,极端降水量与极端降水日数和强度之间均呈线性正相关,极端最低气温的升高、低温日数的减少对平均气温的升高贡献最为显著。     

Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Tolerance of Cotton Varieties in the Huang-Huai Region during Seed Germination

[Objective] To provide a theoretical foundation and germplasm resources for low-temperature-germination cotton breeding, the germination characteristics of 38 cotton varieties novel to or formerly widely planted in the Huang-Huai Region were evaluated under different low temperature stress conditions. [Method] Analysis of variance, the fuzzy membership function method, and cluster analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the tolerance of these varieties to low temperature stress. [Result] As the temperature was lowered, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index exhibited a decreasing trend in all cotton varieties, but resistance to low temperature was significantly different among varieties. Cluster analysis divided the 38 varieties into three categories: highly resistant, resistant, and non-resistant. [Conclusion] Early-introduced varieties and those bred from early-introduced germplasm resources had weaker resistance to low temperature stress, with Stoneville and Deltapine series showing the lowest tolerance. The new transgenic insect-resistant cotton varieties SCRC 37 and SCRC 36 had the strongest resistance to low temperature stress.     

基于TM遥感图像的土地覆盖类型识别分析——以和田河两岸绿洲为例

土地利用/覆盖变化（Land Use/Cover Change,LUCC）是全球土地利用/覆盖研究的一个主要核心内容。和田河两岸绿洲的可持续发展对干旱半干旱地区具有理论与现实意义。以和田河两岸地区为研究对象,利用1994年和2008年的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,结合GIS技术提取分析和田河两岸地区1994年和2008年间土地利用动态变化信息,为今后该研究区土地的可持续利用与城市发展规划提供参考。      

Analysis on the Disposal of the Industrial Solid Waste in the Three Gorges Region

The second step of water storage for Three Gorges Reservoir will be executed in Jue,2003. Because there is still a large quantity of industrial solid waste(ISW) dumped on the reservoir bottom where should be cleaned before water storage and wastes should be disposed. After a full investigation and analyze, the total amount of ISW in the Chongqing reservoir area is about 1.66 million tons. According the principles of safe, economical and reliable, this paper describes the ISW's treatment. The ordinary ISW which is harmless and non toxic after identification should be treated on-site, the ISW that exceeds the national standards should be removed and be disposed in the landfill, and the hazardous waste should be removed for disposition or storage.     

区域农业结构的灰色关联分析与优势产业的发展

此文应用灰色关联分析、相关分析对中国中部地区三大区域的农村经济结构、农林牧渔业总产值结构、粮食产量结构、肉类产量结构进行了初步分析,确定了贡献较大的因子,并用时序模型对所研究的系列进行了模拟和预测。中部地区农业结构的现状是：非农产业的贡献越来越大,农、牧业为主的产值结构,中国玉米、小麦、稻谷、大豆优势产业带,中国肉牛、肉羊生产优势区。该区三大区域应根据各自的资源优势,因地制宜、大力发展其优势粮食作物、优势牛羊业和优势非农产业,进一步促进其农业和农村经济的可持续发展。     

普洱市烤烟评吸质量特性及其区域差异研究

为系统、深入地了解云南省普洱烟区烤烟感官品质特点,通过对普洱市不同区域烤烟评吸质量的综合评价和统计学分析,结果得出:下部叶的香气量、浓度、劲头、余味、燃烧性、灰色和中部叶的香气质、香气量、杂气、劲头、刺激性、燃烧性、灰色和上部叶的香气量、劲头、刺激性、余味、燃烧性、灰色表现较为一致,是共性较强的普洱烟叶感官特征。墨江县鱼塘乡烤烟评吸质量最优,上、中、下部位的各项评吸指标均位居前列,其次为宁洱县勐先乡和镇沅县九甲乡。