A critical appraisal of appendage disparity and homology in fishes

Fishes are both extremely diverse and morphologically disparate. Part of this disparity can be observed in the numerous possible fin configurations that may differ in terms of the number of fins as well as fin shapes, sizes and relative positions on the body. Here, we thoroughly review the major patterns of disparity in fin configurations for each major group of fishes and discuss how median and paired fin homologies have been interpreted over time. When taking into account the entire span of fish diversity, including both extant and fossil taxa, the disparity in fin morphologies greatly complicates inferring homologies for individual fins. Given the phylogenetic scope of this review, structural and topological criteria appear to be the most useful indicators of fin identity. We further suggest that it may be advantageous to consider some of these fin homologies as nested within the larger framework of homologous fin‐forming morphogenetic fields. We also discuss scenarios of appendage evolution and suggest that modularity may have played a key role in appendage disparification. Fin modules re‐expressed within the boundaries of fin‐forming fields could explain how some fins may have evolved numerous times independently in separate lineages (e.g., adipose fin), or how new fins may have evolved over time (e.g., anterior and posterior dorsal fins, pectoral and pelvic fins). We favour an evolutionary scenario whereby median appendages appeared from a unique field of competence first positioned throughout the dorsal and ventral midlines, which was then redeployed laterally leading to paired appendages.     

2015年靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域表层海水化学要素时空分布特征及潜在富营养化评价

于2015年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次对威海南部靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域进行表层海水水质调查并进行了富营养化评价。结果表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,受磷限制影响;叶绿素-a春季航次(0.660μg/L)含量偏低,夏季航次(0.808mg/L)达到最高值;溶解氧春季航次(10.711mg/L)高于夏季航次(8.940mg/L)及秋季航次(8.678mg/L),近岸区域出现低值区;无机氮秋季航次(0.146mg/L)最高,活性磷酸盐(0.013mg/L)及化学需氧量(1.316mg/L)夏季航次最高,三者受外源河流输入的影响呈现从近岸区域向外海逐渐降低的趋势;活性硅酸盐主要受海洋本底的影响;夏秋航次在靖海湾河流入海口区域出现富营养化状态。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

鲈与中国对虾混养试验

１９９５、１９９６年进行鲈与中国对虾混养试验，利用鲈摄食病虾及小型糠虾类，阻断病毒传播，推迟了对虾发病，试验池产量，效益成活率均高于对照池。     

香鱼嗜水气单胞菌人工染病后血液生理生化指标变化

从患病香鱼的体腔液中分离获得嗜水气单胞菌病原,经培养稀释的菌液,腹腔注射人工感染健康香鱼,出现典型的出血症后,进行血液生理生化指标的测定。结果发现,病鱼红细胞数量为(1.21±0.08)×1012个/L,血栓细胞数量(189.00±5.19)×1012个/L,较健康香鱼红细胞[(2.41±0.16)×1012个/L]、血栓细胞[(380.0±20.00)×1012个/L]呈极显著降低(P0.01),血红蛋白含量呈显著减少(P0.05),而白细胞数量却显著增加(P0.05)。染病香鱼总蛋白为(47.56±2.63)g/L,健康鱼为(49.23±3.06)g/L,经检验无显著差异;而碱性磷酸酶、Cl-、Ca2+等3项血液生化指标值均呈极显著减少(P0.01),乳酸脱氢酶呈极显著增加(P0.01)。     

海带粗提物及褐藻酸钠寡糖的保湿与抗氧化作用研究

以海带为原料提取海带粗提物,以褐藻酸钠制备古罗糖醛酸寡糖与甘露糖醛酸寡糖,研究比较海带粗提物、褐藻酸钠、古罗糖醛酸寡糖、甘露糖醛酸寡糖及岩藻聚糖硫酸酯的吸湿、保湿性及抗氧化性。试验结果表明,海带粗提物、褐藻酸钠、古罗糖醛酸寡糖及甘露糖醛酸寡糖具有较高的吸湿性与保湿性,且古罗糖醛酸寡糖、甘露糖醛酸寡糖、褐藻酸钠及岩藻聚糖硫酸酯对超氧阴离子和羟基自由基均有较强的清除作用。     

硇洲马尾藻人工育苗常见敌害生物及防治初探

本文调查了硇洲马尾藻人工育苗期间的主要敌害生物,并初步探讨了不同物理方法和化学药剂对其敌害生物的清除效果,旨在为人工育苗栽培提供基础资料。调查发现硅藻、刚毛藻、石莼、浒苔等附生藻类对硇洲马尾藻生长影响较大,蓝子鱼、麦秆虫和藻钩虾的摄食是硇洲马尾藻幼苗海区培育的主要危害。苗帘用5%硫酸铵药浴5min可抑制刚毛藻的生长,以2%柠檬酸药浴5min、0.3%醋酸药浴3min、3%硝酸铵药浴5min等均可药杀石莼、浒苔等附生绿藻,用640mg/L敌百虫浸泡10min可杀灭藻钩虾。     

高地隙四轮独立驱动喷雾机路径跟踪模型预测控制

针对传统燃油驱动、前轮转向的高地隙喷雾机传动效率低、碳排放高、环境污染、智能化水平低、灵活性差等问题,本研究提出了一种适用于无人驾驶的高地隙四轮独立驱动（Four Wheel Independent Drive,4WID）喷雾机。其采用混合动力、前后双转向桥的4WID,转向半径小,前后轮的运行轨迹高度一致,能够减少田间植保作业时的压苗现象。考虑水田极端作业环境下驱动轮的滑移、陷坑等问题,基于喷雾机线性时变的运动学模型（LTV）,构建了考虑驱动轮滑移的分层路径跟踪控制。上层模型预测控制（Model Predictive Control,MPC）器根据预期路径、车辆当前位置,获得喷雾机的转向角和运动速度,实现路径跟踪。下层以模糊控制和积分分离PID控制构建驱动轮滑移控制器,从而实现路径跟踪、运动速度、驱动轮滑移的有效控制,提高了喷雾机在复杂作业环境中的稳定性和路径跟踪精度。采用Adams/Matlab的联合仿真结果表明,在复杂的工况条件下,喷雾机驱动轮的滑移率依然控制在±20%之内,防止驱动轮发生过度滑移对车速和转向角产生不良影响,有利于喷雾机稳定性的提升。本喷雾机能够快速准确地跟踪期望路径,与未考虑驱动轮滑移的控制相比,能够适应更加复杂的工作环境,跟踪精度有明显提升。