Fungal biomass in pastures increases with age and reduced N input

Previous studies have shown that soil fungal biomass increases towards more natural, mature systems. Shifts to a fungal-based soil food web have previously been observed with abandonment of agricultural fields and extensification of agriculture. In a previous field experiment we found increased fungal biomass with reduced N fertilisation. Here, we explore relationships between fungi, bacteria, N input and grassland age on real dairy farms in the Netherlands. We hypothesised that also in pastures that are still in production there is a negative relationship between fungal biomass and fertilisation, and that fungal biomass increases with grassland age in pastures that are still in production. We expected the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio to show the same responses, as this ratio has often been used as an indicator for management changes. We sampled 48 pastures from eight organic dairy farms. Sites differed in age and fertilisation rate. We determined fungal and bacterial biomass, as well as ergosterol (a fungal biomarker). Fungal and bacterial biomass and ergosterol, showed a negative relationship with N application rate, and correlated positively with organic matter percentage. In old pastures, fungal biomass and ergosterol were higher than in younger pastures. Because bacterial biomass responded in the same way as fungal biomass, the F/B ratio remained constant, and can therefore—in our data set—not be used as an indicator for changing management. We conclude that the changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were driven by changes in organic matter quality and quantity. The negative relationship we found between N application rate and fungal biomass adds to earlier work and confirms the presence of this relationship in pastures with relatively small differences in management intensities. Earlier studies on shifts in fungal biomass focused on ex-agricultural fields or restoration projects. Here we show that fungal biomass is also higher in older agricultural pastures.     

人工用材林木材产量经营模拟研究

以长白落叶松人工用材林为代表,分别对7个立地等级和3种初植密度(分别为2500株/hm2、3300株/hm2和4400株/hm2)的人工用材林木材产量进行经营模拟。根据立地指数曲线确定不同类型林分在不同林龄阶段的平均树高,利用相关模型推算相应林龄阶段的林分平均胸径和林分平均单株材积。建立林分密度定量管理模型,确定不同立地等级不同初植密度林分在理想状态下的间伐时间、间伐强度及相应的木材收获量,为营林生产和科研提供参考和借鉴。     

宿主植物对AM真菌生长发育的影响

研究了宿主植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌(Glomus mosseae)生长发育的影响。结果表明:温室条件下,4种宿主植物都能与丛枝菌根真菌共生,综合比较菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数3项指标,高粱敖杂1号对真菌的生长发育最为有利。宿主植物菌根长度及根中的可溶性糖质量分数与根外孢子数呈显著正相关,而宿主植物中磷质量分数与菌根真菌的生长发育没有显著的相关性。说明不同宿主植物甚至同种宿主植物不同基因型的品种与丛枝菌根真菌的共生状况不同,宿主植物的菌根长度及根中可溶性糖质量分数对菌根真菌的生长发育有显著影响。     

花龄对蓝莓柱头可授性及花粉活力的影响

以 南高丛蓝莓‘蓝雨’为试材,研究了花龄对柱头可授性和花粉活力的影响。结果表明：‘蓝雨’蓝莓雌雄性器官的育性具有同步性,有利于自然授粉结实。从花后第1d-5d花粉活力都较高,特别是花后第2d-4d,花粉活力保持在50%以上,是人工辅助授粉花粉的良好收集期;从花后第2d-4d柱头分泌黏液较多,此期柱头具有强可授性,是开展人工辅助授粉的最佳时期。     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大,生活幸福感越弱,且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中;夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升,却会恶化男性的主观幸福感;夫妻双方的收入差距越大,生活幸福感越强,且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言,收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著;与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比,夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

福建省典型茶园土壤硒含量及其影响因素研究

采集了福建省60份典型茶园表层土壤(0~20 cm),测定了土壤全硒和有效硒含量,分析了土壤类型、植茶年限和海拔对土壤硒及有效硒含量的影响,并探讨其受土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,福建省茶园土壤全硒含量范围为0.22~2.20 mg·kg^-1,均值为0.73 mg·kg^-1,有86.67%的茶园土壤硒含量达到富硒土壤标准(>0.4 mg·kg^-1);茶园土壤有效硒含量为5.21~448.86 μg·kg^-1,均值为62.98 μg·kg^-1;土壤硒活化率为1.10%~31.64%,均值为8.76%,硒有效程度较低。砂砾岩和凝灰岩发育的茶园土壤硒和有效硒含量较高,紫色砂岩和河流冲积物发育的茶园土壤硒含量较低;山地草甸土茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量最高,潮砂土和水稻土硒含量较低;成龄茶园和老茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量较高,新垦茶园硒含量较低;中高海拔地区茶园土壤全硒及有效硒含量较高,低海拔地区茶园土壤硒含量较低。相关分析表明,茶园土壤硒及有效性主要受土壤有机质和全氮的影响,pH对有机质含量较低的红壤茶园和幼龄茶园有显著影响,有效磷对成龄茶园和中高海拔茶园有显著影响。总体而言,该区域茶园富硒土壤为发展天然富硒茶提供了物源保证,但硒有效程度不高,应针对不同类型茶园采取相应栽培措施(增施有机肥、改良剂和钙镁磷肥)来提高土壤有效硒。     

Crop rotation sequencing to minimize yield losses of summer-irrigated lowland rice in Myanmar caused by the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola

Abstract

The effect of different rice-based crop rotation sequences on the population densities of Meloidogyne graminicola and on the yield of rice was evaluated in a microplot experiment under lowland rice field conditions. Ten treatments of cropping sequences were grown in four successive growing seasons: continuous growing of the susceptible rice cultivar Thihtatyin (rice-rice-rice-rice), four treatments of 1- season crop rotation sequences (rice-rice-chickpea-rice, rice-rice-black gram-rice, rice-rice-soybean-rice, rice-rice-cowpea-rice), and five treatments of 2-season crop rotation sequences (groundnut-rice-chickpea-rice, green gram-rice-black gram-rice, cowpea-rice-soybean-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice, sunflower-rice-sesame-rice). Population densities of M. graminicola recovered from the rice plants and the nematode multiplication factors (Mf) in the soil in the continuous rice cropping sequence (rice-rice-rice-rice) was the highest among the ten cropping sequences. Lowest nematode Mf in the soil was observed in the 2-season crop rotation sequence sunflower-rice-sesame-rice and the highest was observed in the 1-season crop rotation sequence rice-rice-cowpea-rice among the nine crop rotation sequences. Highest rice yield was obtained in the 2-season crop rotation sequences green gram-rice-black gram-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice and sunflower-rice-sesame-rice, which were about 2 times higher compared with the 1-season crop rotation sequences and about 3 times higher compared with the continuous rice cropping sequence.     

不同品种公猪睾丸、精液品质发育规律及相关性研究

为明确公猪睾丸在选育中的意义,研究公猪睾丸参数、精液质量参数的发育性规律以及两者间的关联性。选择936头分布在280～1 409日龄的生产公猪,其中589头杜洛克、233头长白、114头大白。对睾丸和精液质量参数采用一般线性模型,以品种和日龄分组为固定因素进行多变量分析;使用二次项模型分品种分别对睾丸总体积和有效精子数进行发育曲线拟合;控制日龄变量,对睾丸与精液质量参数进行偏相关性分析。在睾丸大小方面：杜洛克>大白>长白,其中杜洛克与大白差异不显著（P>0.05）,但两者均极显著（P<001）高于长白;在精液质量整体比较上：长白优于杜洛克优于大白,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;但在体积、密度、活力和畸形率上,三品种公猪均存在显著（P>0.05）或极显著(P<0.01)差异;睾丸随日龄增长呈先增大后萎缩趋势,精液整体质量随日龄增长呈下滑趋势;三品种公猪睾丸的大小均与精液量和有效精子数呈正相关,且大部分具有显著（P<0.05）或极显著性(P<0.01)。同日龄时期,三品种公猪睾丸的大小顺序为杜洛克>长白>大白,其中长白大于大白具有普遍性; 综合来看,三品种的精液质量比较结果为长白优于杜洛克优于大白,其中长白优于大白具有普遍性;公猪睾丸萎缩临界日龄可用于公猪淘汰依据,选育公猪时可重点选留睾丸较大者。     

年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马卵泡发育的影响

【目的】 研究新疆昭苏地区伊犁马发情周期内卵泡发育变化规律,分析年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马母马卵泡发育的影响,为掌握伊犁马母马卵泡发育规律提供理论依据。【方法】 选取伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏县康苏马业配种站内,同一草场放牧情况下84匹母马作为研究对象监测发情期内卵泡发育,分析对比不同年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马卵泡发育时长的差异性。【结果】 年龄Ⅱ组TF3-F5显著高于年龄Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。年龄Ⅱ组TF4-5显著高于年龄Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。平均高温对TF1-F2具有显著影响(P＜0.05),平均高温Ⅰ组TF1-F2显著高于平均高温Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。平均低温对TF1-F2具有极显著影响(P＜0.01),平均低温Ⅰ组TF1-F2极显著高于平均低温Ⅱ组(P＜0.01)。积温对TF1-F2具有显著影响(P＜0.05),积温Ⅱ组TF1-F2极显著高于积温Ⅰ组(P＜0.01)。膘情对TF1-F2、TF3-F4、TF1-F5、TF2-F5、TF3-F5均具有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对TF2-F3具有显著影响(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF1-F2极显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.01)。膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F3显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅲ组TF3-F4极显著低于膘情Ⅰ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅲ组TF3-F4显著低于膘情Ⅰ组、膘情Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF1-F5极显著高于膘情Ⅱ组、膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅱ组TF1-F5显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F5极显著高于第Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F5显著高于膘情Ⅱ组、膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。【结论】 年龄、温度、膘情均一定程度的影响伊犁马母马的卵泡发育,其中膘情对卵泡发育有极显著影响,体况较差可抑制母马卵泡发育。     

碧流河水库鲢、鳙的年龄、生长和资源量的研究

根据１９８９～１９９１年间对碧流河水库鲢、鳙的取样调查分析，对该水库渔获物中鲢、鳙的年龄、生长和可捕群体的资源量进行了初步研究。渔获物中鲢、鳙均以Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ龄为主，ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程适合描述其生长过程。鲢的可捕群体资源量为２．９９×１０￣５ｋｇ，鳙为３．７５×１０￣５ｋｇ。