Annual sex hormonal profiles, gonad development and age determination of the Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas, Chevey)

Annual sex hormonal profiles, gonad development and age determination of 18 (13–14 kg body weight) and three (145–226 kg body weight) Mekong giant catfish (MGC) (Pangasianodon gigas, Chevey) reared in earthen ponds in Chiang Mai and from the Mekong River in Chiang Rai, Thailand, respectively, were investigated. The hormonal profiles were determined from blood samples of the fish by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay during May to August in 2000. The highest testosterone levels of 0.06 ng mL^?1 in both sexes and the highest oestradiol of 47.8 and 14.23 pg mL^?1 in females and males, respectively, were observed in May. The gonadosomatic index was found to be 0.07 for males and 0.38 for females from ponds in comparison with 2.27 for males and 8.29 for females from the Mekong River. Higher development stages of spermatocytes and oocytes of the cultured fish in May than in February and November were demonstrated. No mature germ cells were obtained from either the males or females, indicating no sexual maturity. The average age of fish was determined from the annual rings of the cross‐section of the pectoral fins by a stereomicroscope. The average age of fish in earthen pond determined from the annual ring was 8 years, which agreed with the actual culture records, while those from the Mekong River were 21 years. This information will be beneficial for the breeding programmes and conservation of the MGC.     

怒江上游裸腹叶须鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

以2017年5 6月和910月在怒江上游察瓦龙县至那曲县江段采集的225尾裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus kaznakovi)为研究对象,对比脊椎骨和微耳石两种鉴定年龄材料,分析其年龄结构与生长特性。结果显示:微耳石判别年龄具有较高的准确性和精确度。裸腹叶须鱼优势体长为101~250 mm,占总样本的78.48%,优势体重为0~150 g,占总样本的91.11%。裸腹叶须鱼种群由1~10龄和13龄11个年龄组组成,优势年龄组为3~5龄,占样本总数的66.22%,其中4龄鱼数量最多,占样本总数的27.56%,高龄鱼较少。体长与体重的拟合关系式为:W=2×10-5 L2.8644(R2=0.9893,n=225),Von Bertalanffy生长方程:L t=699.571-e-0.0615(t+0.842 9),W t=2 816.821-e-0.0615(t+0.842 9)2.8644,生长系数k为0.0615,表明怒江上游裸腹叶须鱼为缓慢生长型鱼类。拟合生长速度方程,生长加速度方程得出年龄生长拐点t i为16.27龄,对应的体长l i为455.36 mm,对应体重w i为823.42 g。     

基于年龄结构的中华鲟资源量估算方法

根据长江中的中华鲟亲鱼捕捞数据的年龄结构,推算不同年龄段中华鲟亲鱼进入长江参与繁殖的占比,首次将长江和海洋中的中华鲟同时纳入估算模型进行计算,构建了一套估算中华鲟资源量的新方法。稳态计算结果显示,在葛洲坝截流前,长江中每年有效补充量为1 882尾,长江和海洋中育龄(雌:13~34龄,雄:8~27龄)总资源量为32 260尾,其中雄鱼15 310尾,雌鱼16 950尾,每年在长江中参与繁殖的中华鲟新老股群之和(1 727尾)占总资源量的比例约5%。计算得出葛洲坝截流后长江中的中华鲟产卵繁殖容量仅为截流前的6.5%,1981年葛洲坝截留造成68%~80%的1980年老股群被阻隔在上游。结合葛洲坝截流后的捕捞数据推算了1981年后长江和海洋中的中华鲟资源量变迁过程。计算结果与捕捞数据反映的趋势一致,证明模型可靠有效。研究表明,葛洲坝截流后,随着捕捞量的减少,长江中的繁殖群体数量上升,1990年左右达到峰值(约2 200尾),随后迅速下降,2010年为170尾左右。葛洲坝截流后中华鲟产卵繁殖环境容量的大幅下降是近年来中华鲟资源量急剧下降的重要原因。     

黄渤海蓝点马鲛繁殖群体渔业生物学特征研究

利用2016年4-5月、2017年4月在黄、渤海调查采集的350尾蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)繁殖群体的生物学数据,对该繁殖群体的生物学特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:该繁殖群体的叉长范围为406～1010 mm,体重范围为533～7245 g,年龄组成为1～10龄,其中1龄与2龄个体分别占总数的39.2%与33.7%。采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程表示其生长特性,生长参数分别为L_∞=1246.9mm,K=0.11;雌雄性比为1:1.49,3龄前雄性个体数占优势,3龄后雌性个体数占优势。蓝点马鲛的产卵期在4～6月,产卵盛期为4～5月;其绝对繁殖力范围为9.2～127.5万粒/尾,平均50.5万粒/尾;绝对繁殖力随着年龄、叉长的上升逐渐增大,7龄后出现衰退现象。蓝点马鲛的优势饵料生物为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、细鳌虾(Leptochela gracilis)。与历史记录比较,蓝点马鲛低龄化、小型化现象更加突出,摄食结构改变,繁殖期提前,繁殖力水平有减小的趋势。     

中间偃麦草、长穗偃麦草及其杂种F1代同工酶研究

通过对过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)同工酶谱的分析,探讨中间偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata(Host)Nevski)、长穗偃麦草(E.intermedia(Host)Nevski)及其杂种F₁代的酶谱特征和亲缘关系。结果表明:亲本同工酶酶带数目、迁移率、着色程度等差异不大,二者亲缘关系较近。与亲本相比,杂种F₁代存在POD、SOD、PPO酶带丢失现象,但正、反交植株中均产生了一些亲本没有的新生带。杂种F₁代EST酶谱与亲本基本相同,仅着色程度略有差异。杂种F₁代植株的POD、PPO酶谱特征有偏向中间偃麦草的倾向,而SOD酶谱特征倾向于长穗偃麦草。杂种F₁代同工酶具有多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和后代株系目标性状的选择。     

成土年龄对雷琼地区玄武岩母质土壤剖面中常量元素迁移的影响

以雷琼地区不同发育时序的玄武岩母质土壤为研究对象,研究了成土年龄对风化成壤作用的影响。结果表明,成土年龄大的剖面中易溶元素的淋失率高,体现了迁移累积效应;而年轻的剖面中元素迁移率则随成土年龄的变化更加明显。故成土年龄对常量元素迁移率的影响具有一定的阶段性特征,早期影响显著,当风化成壤作用进行到一定程度后,成土年龄的影响明显减弱。     

长湖短颌鲚的年龄与生长特性

2014年采集自湖北长湖的479尾短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)样本,研究了长湖种群的年龄结构和生长特性。短颌鲚的耳石和鳞片均可用于鉴定短颌鲚年龄,且两者鉴定年龄的吻合度达到75.8%。长湖短颌鲚种群的年龄组成为1~4龄,其中1~3龄鱼为主,占总样本量的96.0%。短颌鲚属匀速生长型,其体重和体长的关系为:W=6.290×10-6L2.855(n=479,R2=0.959,P0.01),且无明显性别差异。长湖短颌鲚体长与体重的生长符合Von Bertalanffy生长方程:L_t=332.869[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)],W_t=99.940[1-e-0.213(t+1.775)]2.855,其生长拐点为t=3.15龄。为了可持续开发利用长湖短颌鲚渔业资源,建议捕捞规格提高到体长200 mm。     

Does plant growth phase determine the response of plants and soil organisms to defoliation?

To test a hypothesis that the effects of defoliation on plant ecophysiology and soil organisms depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season, we established a greenhouse experiment using replicated grassland microcosms. Each microcosms was composed of three plant species, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata and Phleum pratense, growing in grassland soil with a diverse soil community. The experiment consisted of two treatment factors—defoliation and plant growth phase (PGP)—in a fully factorial design. Defoliation had two categories, i.e. no trimming or trimming a total of four times at 2 week intervals. The PGP treatment had four categories, i.e. 1, 3, 7 or 13 weeks growth following planting before the first defoliation (subsequently referred to as PGP1, PGP2, PGP3 and PGP4, respectively). In each PGP treatment category, microcosms were harvested 1 week after the final defoliation. Harvested shoot and root mass and total shoot production (including trimmed and harvested shoot mass) increased with time and were lower in defoliated than in non-defoliated systems. The fraction of root biomass of harvested plant biomass decreased with time but was increased by defoliation at PGP3 and PGP4. The proportion of T. repens in total shoot production increased and those of P. lanceolata and P. pratense decreased with time. Defoliation increased the proportions of P. lanceolata and P. pratense in total shoot production at PGP3 and PGP4. Root N and C concentrations increased and root C-to-N ratio decreased with time in non-defoliated systems. Defoliation increased root N concentration by 38 and 33% at PGP1 and PGP2, respectively, but decreased the concentration by 22% at PGP4. In contrast, defoliation reduced root C concentration on average by 1.5% at each PGP. As with the effects on root N concentration, defoliation decreased the root C-to-N ratio at PGP1 and PGP2 but increased the ratio at PGP4. Among soil animal trophic groups, the abundance of herbivorous nematodes was higher at PGP4 than at PGP1-3 and that of predacious nematodes higher at PGP2-4 than at PGP1, while the abundance of bacterivorous, fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes and that of detritivorous enchytraeids did not differ between the PGP categories. Among bacterivorous nematodes, however, Acrobeloides, Chiloplacus and Protorhabditis species decreased and that of Plectus spp. increased with time. Defoliation did not affect the abundance of soil animal trophic groups, but reduced the abundance of herbivorous Coslenchus spp. at each PGP and raised the abundance of herbivorous Rotylenchus spp. and bacterivorous Eucephalobus spp. at PGP4. Confirming our hypothesis, the results suggest that the effects of defoliation on the attributes of grassland plants, such as biomass allocation between roots and shoots and root quality, may depend on the timing of defoliation within a growing season. However, contradicting our hypothesis, the results suggest that significant changes in plant attributes after defoliation may not always lead to substantial changes in the abundance of belowground organisms.     

长江口凤鲚繁殖群体的年龄结构和生长特性

2014年4~8月于凤鲚(Coilia mystus)繁殖盛期在长江口逐月采样,对凤鲚繁殖群体的雌性个体的年龄结构和生长特性进行了研究。年龄结构为1~3龄,共3个年龄组,其中1~2龄个体占87.06%。繁殖群体的平均体长和体质量分别为(151.66±21.13)mm、(16.97±6.34)g。体长与体质量关系为W=1.63×10~(-5)L~(2.75)(n=124,R~2=0.935 3),显著性差异检验表明凤鲚属于匀速生长类型(P0.05)。体长和体质量von Bertalanffy生长方程分别为:L_t=205.85[1-e~(-0.48(t+1.02)(],W_t=38.31[1-e~(-0.48(t+1.02))]2.75。体长生长速度曲线不具拐点;体质量生长速度的拐点年龄为1.11龄,与最小性成熟年龄一致,拐点年龄时对应的体长和体质量分别为131.02 mm和11.05 g。研究认为,长江口凤鲚繁殖群体低龄群体所占比例较大且体型有变小趋势。为更好地利用和保护凤鲚资源,应在拐点年龄之后进行捕捞。     

Age‐dependent distribution of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) on the continental shelf off southwest Australia determined by acoustic monitoring

Juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) were monitored in nearshore waters off southwest Australia using acoustic tagging and monitoring over five austral summers (2002/2003–2006/2007) to determine patterns in age‐based distribution of SBT. A total of 20–70 receivers were deployed in early December along one to three cross‐shelf transects and at three inshore topographic features (lumps) where SBT are known to occur; and a total of 59–84 juvenile SBT (41–90 cm fork length) were tagged and released each year. After several months, receivers were recovered, and data extracted. In 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, 2‐yr‐old SBT were detected more frequently in nearshore areas than did 1‐yr old fish. Similarly in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007, it was the larger 1‐yr‐old SBT that were detected more frequently at inshore lumps (>85% of detections) while small 1‐yr‐old SBT were detected more widely over the study area. In 2005/2006, although large 1‐yr‐old SBT were still detected more frequently at inshore lumps than small 1‐yr old SBT, the percentage of all detections at lumps was lower at 31.5%, indicating wider distribution of both small and large age‐1 fish. The observed age‐dependent distribution pattern may be enhanced by the distribution of prey, which disperse or concentrate depending on the local oceanography.