中俄东线智能化工艺运行基础与实现的思考

随着数字化、智能化等技术的发展,油气管道运行管理模式将发生根本性转变,形成以智能管道、智慧管网为核心的发展理念。从管道运行工艺角度对中国智能管道建设的基础及实现条件进行了分析:①从智能管道的定义、国内外智能管道的发展现状以及油气管道智能运行的物联网基础与技术准备3个方面论述了智能管道建设的基础及所需实现的功能,指出智能管道在油气生产过程中的应用性是智能管道建设的核心问题;②探讨了天然气管网数据、建模及计算复杂性的根源,明确了智能管道、智慧管网的建设思路;③以中俄东线天然气管道为例,阐述了中俄东线智能运行的目标、基础以及工艺运行智能化组成的设想,其中工艺运行智能化组成包括管道工艺仿真系统建设、基于管道数据的数字孪生体构建以及综合运行调度和可靠性评价。最后,针对智能管道技术发展与应用面临的形势与挑战,给出几点认识及建议。     

直径1422mmX80管道环焊接头应变能力数值模拟方法

鉴于高钢级管材的组织特征及焊缝失效对于管道安全的重要影响,管道环焊缝承载能力成为当前管道行业的研究热点,以中俄东线全自动焊口为研究对象,准确考虑环焊接头根焊、热影响区、母材、填充焊4个区域材料本构关系的差异性,基于有限元方法建立了分析管道环焊接头应变能力的数值仿真模型。定量分析了母材屈强比、运行内压、载荷类型等组合工况下焊缝强度匹配系数等对管道环焊缝裂纹扩展驱动力的影响。采用静裂纹起裂的失效判定方法,以表观断裂韧性值为临界准则,结合中俄东线管材及环焊接头材料特性参数实际变化范围,计算了在设计工况范围内最不利条件下中俄东线环焊接头的应变能力。结果表明:提高焊缝区强度匹配能够有效减小接头的裂纹扩展驱动力,增加管道内压或提高母材屈强比会使相同强度匹配条件下的裂纹扩展驱动力更大,拉伸载荷下的裂纹扩展驱动力要大于弯曲载荷下的裂纹扩展驱动力。该方法既可以用于根据焊接接头性能要求指导焊接参数的确定,也可以用于在役管道含缺陷焊接接头的适用性评价。     

Melatonin alleviates cold-induced oxidative damage by regulation of ascorbate–glutathione and proline metabolism in melon seedlings (Cucumis melo L.)

Cold stress is one of the most detrimental environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (MEL), a natural indoleamine compound, responds to various environmental cues. To explore the role of MEL in the response of melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedlings to cold stress, the effects of exogenous MEL on the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle and proline metabolism were investigated. Melon seedlings were sprayed with various concentrations of MEL (0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 μM), then exposed to cold stress, 12/6°C (day/night) for 7 d, followed by recovery at 28/18°C for another 7 d. The results showed that MEL, especially the 200 μM treatment, dramatically alleviated growth inhibition caused by cold stress, manifested by increased plant growth and decreased O₂^?¯ production rate and malondialdehyde content. Importantly, exogenous application of MEL enhanced the ratios of reduced and oxidized forms of AsA (AsA/DHA) and GSH (GSH/GSSG), and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) involved in the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle in melon seedings grown under cold stress. Besides, MEL pretreatment further increased the contents of proline and soluble protein under cold stress. The results reveal that protective effects of MEL against cold stress in melon seedlings are most likely associated with the regulation of the AsA–GSH cycle and proline metabolism as an effective antioxidant system.     

Long-term effects of intensive rice–wheat and agroforestry based cropping systems on build-up of nutrients and budgets in alluvial soils of Punjab,India

ABSTRACT

A detailed study was conducted to investigate the long-term effects of rice–wheat and poplar-based agro-forestry systems existing on a large area for last 25 years on the distribution of macro as well as micronutrients in surface soils, as well as their profiles. To achieve these objectives, profile soil samples (0–150 cm) were collected from 10 randomly scattered locations each from rice–wheat and poplar-based agro-forestry systems and analyzed for various physico-chemical properties. The results of our investigation revealed that pH, EC, OC available N, P and K reported significantly higher levels in agro-forestry as compared to rice–wheat system. On the other hand, DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn were significantly higher in D1 (0–15 cm), D2 (15–30 cm) and D3 (30–45 cm) depths of rice–wheat system which may be attributed to the reduced conditions prevailing during rice crop. Nutrient budgeting also assessed the impact of crop removal and fertilizer inputs along with recycling of crop residue and leaf litter. Also, the build-up of available nutrient status in surface layer (0–15 cm) and soil profiles (0–150 cm) continuously under these two systems helped in maintaining agricultural sustainability and soil fertility over a long period of time.     

Deciphering the morpho–physiological traits for high yield potential in nitrogen efficient varieties(NEVs):A japonica rice case study

The use of nitrogen(N)-efficient rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties could reduce excessive N input without sacrificing yields. However, the plant traits associated with N-efficient rice varieties have not been fully defined or comprehensively explored. Here, three japonica N-efficient varieties(NEVs) and three japonica N-inefficient varieties(NIVs) of rice were grown in a paddy field under N omission(0 N, 0 kg N ha-1) and normal N(NN, 180 or 200 kg N ha-1) treatments. Results showed that NEVs exhib...     

Modification of the human–broiler relationship and its potential effects on production

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of additional human contact (AHC) on the human–animal relationship (HAR) in broilers and on the birds’ productivity. A total of 1558 broiler one-day-old chicks were distributed into 12 equally sized pens at two different stocking densities (SDs), calculated on estimated weight at slaughter (4 pens with 32?kg/m² and 8 pens with 16?kg/m²). Six groups (2 high and 4 low SDs) received AHC, which consisted of 30-min sessions with visual human contact three days/week. The remaining six groups received as little human contact as possible and served as controls. A touch test was used to assess the human–broiler relationship and the production parameters measured were growth rate, mortality, feed consumption and feed conversion. The AHC treatment had a positive effect on the quality of the HAR but failed to affect any production parameter.     

Soil respiration during freeze–thaw cycles in a temperate Korean Larch (Larix olgensis herry.) plantation

Successive effects of freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) on soil respiration rate (Rs) were explored in a Korean Larch (Larix olgensis Herry.) plantation during the winter to spring season. In March 2014, laboratory incubation with severe FTCs at the extreme minimum temperatures of ?16°C and mild FTCs (?8°C) and field-based methods through five days continuous measurements of Rs at eight time points in one day were applied to determine the diurnal and seasonal Rs variations during FTCs, and to analyze the effects of FTCs regimes on Rs. The Rs increased rapidly as thawing proceeded, generating two peaks during severe FTCs, but with no obvious CO₂ peaks in mild FTCs or field-based measurements. In severe FTCs, the Rs in first three FTCs changed dramatically, subsequently tended to stabilize. The diurnal Rs dynamics both followed unimodal type, with no fixed peak in laboratory study but the maximum value at 14:00 in field study. Laboratory- and field-based FTCs studies both highlighted the significant effects on soil carbon release. Initial response of soil respiratory bursts during early FTCs appeared to be driven by extreme minimum temperatures, while response of soil carbon release in late cycles was controlled by reduction in soil organic matter during early cycles.     

Hemolytic assay for goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) complement

Optimal conditions for assaying hemolytic complement of goat (caprine) and swine (porcine) sera were determined. Effects of the following were tested: pH, ionic strength, calcium and magnesium ion concentrations, time and temperature of incubation, and ethylenediamine tetracetate concentration. Guinea pig erythrocytes sensitized with goat or cattle antibodies were the most sensitive target cells for goat complement. Sheep and cattle erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit hemolysin were the best target cells for swine complement. Barbital buffer, pH 7.3, ionic strength of 90 nmM relative salt concentration, containing 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2 was the best for swine complement assay. Goat complement lysed best in a barbital buffer, pH 8, ionic strength of 90 to 120 mM of relative salt concentration, in presence of 0.5 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2. The optimal incubation temperature was 37 degrees C for both complements. The complement dependent lysis required 75 minutes to reach its maximum. Ethylenediamine tetracetate in 4 mM concentration completely inhibited lysis by both species complements. The CH50 for goat sera varied between 18 and 75 per ml, in swine sera between 75 and 210 per ml.     

The Influence of Human–Elephant Conflict on Electric Fence Management and Perception Among Different Rural Communities in Laikipia County,Kenya

Electrified fences are commonly used in Kenya to prevent human–elephant conflict. This research addressed the social perceptions of electrified wildlife fences by assessing community-level individual views of the fences and the willingness of community members’ involvement in fence management. In Laikipia County, Kenya, a population sample of people in two communities living near an electrified fencing and experiencing different levels of human–elephant conflict (i.e., crop raids) were surveyed about their perceptions of the fence and fence management. Respondents in communities with more frequent conflict were less favorable in their ratings about fence effectiveness and were more willing to pay for fence maintenance. In addition, a sample group of pastoralists indicated a positive attitude toward the fence, due to a perceived improvement in livestock safety from predators and theft. These benefits appeared to outweigh the difficulties the fence could impose on livestock management and cross country travel.