Comparison of three models describing bromide transport affected by different soil structure types

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil structure on bromide (Br) transport through three soils with granular, prismatic, and single-grain structures. The breakthrough curve (BTC) of the single-grain structure was sigmoidal, symmetrical and similar to a piston flow, showing the dominance of mass flow. In contrast, the BTCs of the granular and prismatic structures were initially steep, becoming more gradual at high pore volumes (PVs). The stable structure and preferential pathways caused the early breakthrough of Br in the leachate of these columns. The convection–dispersion equation (CDE), mobile–immobile water (MIM), and dual-permeability (DP) models were fitted to observed data using the program HYDRUS-1D. The equilibrium transport model (CDE) was not as successful as non-equilibrium (MIM and DP) models in describing the Br transport in prismatic and granular soil columns, although it was able to describe the Br transport in single-grain column well. Overall, the results demonstrated the importance of soil structure in pollutant transport through soils.     

高效液相色谱—串联质谱法测定鲍鱼中硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量

本文用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鲍鱼中3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(AOZ)、5-甲基吗啉-3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(AMOZ)、氨基脲(SEM)、1-氨基-2-内酰脲(AHD)4种硝基呋喃类代谢物残留量的方法。0.2mol/L盐酸溶液水解鲍鱼组织中与蛋白结合的硝基呋喃类代谢物,用0.05mol/L的2-硝基苯甲醛溶液(2-NBA)37℃衍生16小时。用1.0mol/L磷酸氢二钾溶液调节pH至7.0~7.5,乙酸乙酯萃取。采用电喷雾电离,正离子扫描,选择反应监测模式(SRM)监测,内标法定量。本方法对4种硝基呋喃类代谢物标准曲线的线性回归系数均在0.99以上,线性范围为0.5μg/kg~20μg/kg。方法定量限为0.5μg/kg。在添加浓度0.5μg/kg~5μg/kg,回收率在75.2%~102.1%之间,相对标准偏差为3.56%~12.6%。说明本方法简单、灵敏,结果可靠,可满足实验室大量、快速分析的需求。     

盐度对中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹代谢的影响

测定了不同盐度(0,6,12,18,24)条件下,中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雌性亲蟹的耗氧率、CO2排出率及NH3 N排泄率,并研究了其呼吸熵、氧氮比、代谢率及能源物质供能比随盐度的变化情况。结果表明,体质量为(55.59±6.24)g的中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹,在水温(16±1)℃条件下,盐度对其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率影响显著(P<0.05)。在实验盐度范围内(0~24),其耗氧率及NH3 N排泄率均随盐度的升高而下降,CO2排出率及代谢率的变化趋势与耗氧率一致,且盐度为6的实验组亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),在盐度12~24范围内,亲蟹CO2排出率及代谢率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);呼吸熵及氧氮比均变化不显著(P>0.05);能源物质以脂肪的供能比例最大,其次是碳水化合物,蛋白质的供能比例最小。分析认为,中华绒螯蟹雌性亲蟹在生殖洄游过程中主要以脂肪作为供能物质,代谢率与能量消耗逐渐降低。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸和乙烯利对东北春玉米功能叶光合生理特性和产量的影响

以中单909为材料,设置5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）和乙烯利（ETH）不同浓度复配组合,于拔节期（V6）进行叶面喷施。研究5-ALA-ETH复配剂对缓解东北春玉米冠层郁闭效应、提高叶片净光合效率（P_n）、增强叶片的光合产物供给能力、保障春玉米稳产增产的调控效应。结果表明,A2E1（22.5g/hm² 5-ALA+450mL/hm² ETH）处理能够增强叶片的光合生理活性,调控效果最佳,其中V7期叶片叶绿素含量相比对照（CK）显著提高8.9%,V12期叶片RuBP羧化酶（RuBPCase）和PEP羧化酶（PEPCase）活性比CK分别显著提高65.2%和87.1%,V8和V12期叶片P_n比CK分别显著提高14.8%和24.5%。同时,该处理提高了叶片蔗糖的合成能力,其中V12期叶片蔗糖合酶（SS）活性比CK显著提高85.0%,V11期蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）活性比CK显著提高33.1%,V7、V9和V12期叶片蔗糖含量比CK分别显著提高69.2%、16.8%和78.6%。在玉米收获期,A2E1处理显著增加了玉米穗长、穗粒数和产量,相比CK分别提高了5.4%、6.2%和5.4%,玉米秃尖长显著缩短50.4%。综上所述,5-ALA（22.5g/hm²）和ETH（450mL/hm²）复配能够改善东北春玉米生育期内光合生理特性,提高收获穗粒数和产量,增强其抵抗冠层郁闭效应胁迫的能力。     

Presence of Antimicrobials in Postrace Samples in Japanese Thoroughbred Racing

Ever since ‘One Health’ concept was introduced in early 2000s, judicious use of antimicrobials by veterinarians has become an issue of great concern. Recently, findings of anti-inflammatory effects in certain types of antimicrobials have raised a subject for discussion among racing authorities. Regulatory framework of antimicrobials in racing should be based on best interest of horse welfare and doping control perspective, but basic data on prevalence of antimicrobials are lacking. Analysis of 100 postrace urinary samples collected from 10 Japanese racecourses by targeting 21 antimicrobials using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry resulted in detection of ceftiofur, cefalotin, cefalotin metabolite, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and oxytetracycline. Detection of antimicrobials critically important for resistance in human medicine was limited to a single sample. Oxytetracycline, which is known to possess anti-inflammatory effects, was detected in three samples. This may suggest the need for establishing a regulatory framework from doping control perspective and further studies to clarify pharmacologically relevant concentration of antimicrobials with such properties.     

Response of organic N monomers in a sub-alpine soil to a dry–wet cycle

Cycles of soil drying followed by rewetting occur in most terrestrial ecosystems, but there is conflicting evidence as to the role of osmolytes in dry–wet cycles. The broad aim of this experiment was to determine how N-containing osmolytes and other organic N monomers are affected by rewetting of a moderately dry soil. In a sub-alpine grassland, experimental plots were irrigated with 50 mm of water near the conclusion of a typical late-summer drying cycle. Twelve putative osmolytes (proline, 8 quaternary ammonium compounds, trimethylamine N-oxide, ectoine, hydroxyectoine) and 60 other organic N monomers were identified and quantified by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of the free/exchangeable pool of soil water (0.5 M K₂SO₄ extracts) and microbial biomass (via chloroform fumigation extraction). The total concentration of organic N monomers was 25-times greater in fumigated than unfumigated extracts. Differences in relative abundance of compound classes and compounds between fumigated and unfumigated extracts suggested some compounds were localized to the free/exchangeable pool; others were predominantly microbial, whereas many were shared between pools. A striking feature of the free/exchangeable pool was that on an N-basis alkylamines were the most abundant compound class and accounted for 34% of the pool of organic N monomers. There was no evidence that osmolytes were the primary means soil microbes coped with dry–wet cycles. Instead, the pool of osmolytes was an invariant 4% of the pool of CE-MS detected monomers in K₂SO₄ extracts and 7% of the pool of CE-MS detected monomers in the chloroform-labile (microbial) fraction. The absence of substantial amounts of osmolytes may be because water stress was too mild or brief, or because osmolyte synthesis was limited by availability of energy, N or C and some alternative strategy was used to cope with water deficits.     

Nitrogen deficiency induced a decrease in grain yield related to photosynthetic characteristics,carbon–nitrogen balance and nitrogen use efficiency in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

ABSTRACT

Field experiments involving proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivar under four nitrogen (N) levels (N0, N60, N105 and N150) were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to explore the decrease in grain yield under N deficiency related to the changes in leaf photosynthetic characteristics, carbon (C)–N balance and N use efficiency. Results showed that N deficiency decreased the net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll content and increased the intercellular CO₂ concentration of proso millet flag leaves from flowering to maturity. N deficiency negatively regulated the C–N balance and increased the C/N ratio by reducing the total N, soluble protein and soluble sugar contents, resulting in high starch content. N uptake and utilisation were significantly reduced because of less available N. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the grain yield and photosynthetic characteristics or N use efficiency, whereas a negative correlation was found between the grain yield and the C/N ratio. The yields generated by N0, N60 and N105 were lower than that of N150 in both years. The N fertiliser regression formulae developed in the study would provide useful information about the N fertiliser rate of proso millet.     

Methane suppression by iron and humic acids in soils of the Arctic Coastal Plain

Methane–climate interactions are reasonably well understood; the biogeochemical controls on net methane fluxes are less so. Within anoxic soils, alternative electron acceptors such as iron and humic substances influence microbial metabolic function, and thus affect the amount of carbon lost as methane (CH₄). We present three years of data from wet sedge tundra landscapes near Barrow, Alaska that show an inverse relationship between dissolved iron and CH₄ concentrations. We found increasing organic layer thickness related to increases in active layer organic matter content, and decreases in both bulk density and extractable iron. Organic layer depth was also a good proxy for carbon dioxide (CO₂) and CH₄ dynamics, with increasing organic layer depths relating to lower dissolved iron, higher amounts of dissolved CH₄, and lower CO₂:CH₄ ratios in the upper active layer. Net CH₄ fluxes were also significantly suppressed following the experimental addition of iron and humic acids. Iron and humic acid treatment effects were indistinguishable for CH₄ net flux; in contrast, post-treatment CH₄ fluxes were an average of 0.74-fold the control treatment flux rates. These results suggest that in-situ CH₄ production is tied to alternative electron acceptor availability, and that organic layer thickness is a good predictor of biogeochemical controls on CH₄ fluxes in wet-sedge Arctic Alaskan tundra.     

Decay of wooden commodities – Moisture risk analysis,service life prediction and performance assessment in the field

Abstract

One key issue in wood construction is durability. Constant wetting and suitable temperatures for fungal growth promote the risk of decay and thus a decrease in structural stability and performance. Hence, performance-based prediction models seem to be reasonable to predict the in-service performance of wooden structures in different outdoor exposure situations. Within this study continuous wood moisture content (MC) and temperature measurements were conducted on five different test objects. Four test set-ups were installed at a test site in Hannover, Germany. A fifth set-up was exposed in Ås, Norway. Data-sets were applied to a dose–response performance model considering wood MC and temperature as key factors for fungal decay. The expected service life (SL) was calculated for different materials and constructions. In addition, the depth and distribution of decay was assessed using a pick test and compared with the calculated SL. Differences regarding the risk of fungal decay for various construction details, exposures and materials were quantified. A wide range of SL estimates was estimated and significant differences were found between the various components, design details and wood species. Furthermore, results from the decay assessments were used to verify the performance model. Recommendations for improvements were provided.     

Participatory Rural Appraisal and Compensation Intervention: Challenges and Protocols While Managing Large Carnivore–Human Conflict

When large carnivores cause socioeconomic losses in a community, conflict increases, retaliatory killing of the carnivore can occur, and conservation efforts are undermined. We focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and economic compensation schemes as approaches for managing conflict. PRA is a tool for collecting data on the large carnivore–human conflict and economic compensation schemes for those affected negatively by carnivore presence. We reviewed published papers and reports on large carnivore–human conflicts, PRA, and compensation schemes. This article details insights into common pitfalls, key lessons learned, possible solutions including new approaches for compensation and protocols to be followed while managing large carnivore–human conflict. We hope to contribute to a meaningful dialogue between locals, managers, and researchers and help in effective implementation of conservation programs to mitigate large carnivore–human conflict around the protected areas.