Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metabolism in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)

Imidacloprid is a chloronicotinyl insecticide which interacts with insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Thirty minutes after oral treatment of honeybees with imidacloprid, the olfactory learning performances in a proboscis extension reflex (PER) procedure were impaired. In parallel, an increase of the cytochrome oxidase labelling was found into the calyces of the mushroom bodies. Imidacloprid administered 15 min or 1 h after a one-trial conditioning of PER impaired the medium-term olfactory memory. By contrast, the short-term (30 s or 3 min conditioning-treatment time interval) and long-term (24 h conditioning-treatment time interval) memories were unaffected. The impairment of medium-term olfactory memory by imidacloprid is discussed in the context of neural circuits suspected to mediate memory formation in the honeybee brain.     

Small hive beetle diagnosis and control in naturally infested honeybee colonies using bottom board traps and CheckMite + strips

The efficacy of bottom board traps and CheckMite + strips using Coumaphos, for small hive beetle (SHB) diagnosis and control was studied in Australia. Colonies in three apiaries (N = 10 each) were surveyed for SHB. In two apiaries, colonies received bottom board traps (cardboard or plastic) with CheckMite + strips and in the control apiary, traps without strips. After 5 days, all colonies were surveyed again, killed and dissected to quantify non-detected SHB. Significant differences in the number of live SHB were found between apiaries after treatment, supporting the fact that Coumaphos traps are efficient (trap mortality: 94.73 ± 0.06% cardboard and 99.53 ± 0.01% plastic). However, mortality assessment at the colony level (53.29 ± 31.30%), showed that only a limited SHB proportion was affected. Post mortem colony inspections revealed that 14.06 ± 10.53% SHB were undetected, which should be considered for quantitative diagnosis. Bottom board traps provided a first estimate of infestation levels (43.03 ± 27.02%).     

王浆高产蜜蜂(A.m.ligustica)与喀尼鄂拉蜂(A.m.carnica)幼虫期蛋白质组比较

【目的】对王浆高产蜜蜂(A. m. ligustica,浆蜂）与喀尼鄂拉蜂(A. m. carnica,喀蜂）工蜂幼虫期进行蛋白质组比较,以探明两蜂种幼虫期不同日龄蛋白质表达调控方面的异同。【方法】采用双向电泳对浆蜂与喀蜂工蜂幼虫期蛋白质组进行研究。【结果】在幼虫期2日龄,浆蜂的蛋白表达谱为283个蛋白,喀蜂为152个蛋白,两蜂种共有蛋白点为110个,其中24个点浆蜂表达量显著大于喀蜂,15个蛋白喀蜂表达量显著大于浆蜂,而浆蜂特异蛋白为173个,而喀蜂特异蛋白为42个;幼虫4日龄时,浆蜂总蛋白点数为290个,喀蜂总蛋白点数为240个蛋白,两蜂种共有蛋白点为163个,其中24个点浆蜂表达量显著大于喀蜂,15个蛋白喀蜂表达量显著大于浆蜂,而浆蜂特异蛋白为126个,喀蜂特异蛋白为77个;到达幼虫6日龄时,浆蜂蛋白组含236个蛋白,喀蜂蛋白质组含180个蛋白,两蜂种共有蛋白点为132个,其中22个点显示浆蜂表达量显著大于喀蜂,11个蛋白喀蜂表达量显著大于浆蜂,而浆蜂特异蛋白为104个,喀蜂特异蛋白为48个。【结论】在蜜蜂幼虫期浆蜂较喀蜂表达的蛋白总数和特有蛋白多,说明浆蜂较喀蜂幼虫的基因表达和代谢更加旺盛。在2蜂种幼虫期表达的共有蛋白中,其中一些蛋白的表达量存在差异,而2蜂种在3个日龄所表达的特有蛋白的数和量也存在一定差异,这些说明幼虫发育需要管家蛋白和不同发育阶段相应的特定蛋白来调控,但管家蛋白和特有蛋白在2蜂种的表达模式存在差异。     

Pesticide residues used for pest control in honeybee colonies located in agroindustrial areas of Argentina

Abstract

With the aim of mitigating the negative impact of pests on agriculture, different agrochemicals are being used to maintain pest populations below an acceptable threshold of economic viability. The use of these chemical compounds, or even their misuse, can generate undesirable effects in the ecosystems and non-target organisms. World agricultural production depends on pollinators to generate 35% of food. Bees provide almost 75% of the pollination services worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the agrochemical residues in honey obtained from Apis mellifera colonies located in agro-industrial regions of Argentina. Fifty honey samples form beehive pools of Santa Fe, Córdoba, La Rioja, Formosa, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Buenos Aires, Neuquén, and Río Negro provinces were analyzed. Out of all the samples analyzed, 88% had pesticide residues, being endosulfan sulfate the most widely chemical product reported. This information can be used to identify the provinces at higher risk for developing beekeeping activities, since the presence of these products in beehives can have a negative effect on this industry.     

4种农药对蜜蜂和家蚕的安全性评价

试验测定了高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、丙溴磷和残杀威对有益生物蜜蜂和家蚕的胃毒、触杀和熏蒸毒性。结果表明 :4种农药的 3种毒性高低存在较大差别 ;综合分析 4种农药对蜜蜂和家蚕均为胃毒毒性相对较高 ,熏蒸毒性相对较低。因此 ,应避免在植物的花期和桑园使用这 4种农药。     

Effects of pyrethroids on neuronal excitability of adult honeybees Apis mellifera

Pyrethroids act on the nervous system as a primary target organ and exert their neurotoxic effects primarily by altering the conductance of sodium channel, leading to hyperexcitation. However, few studies investigated the effects of pyrethroids on neuronal excitability of honeybee brain neurons. In this study, a whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record current threshold, the minimum current to induce an action potential, and peak sodium current in the dissociated honeybee brain neurons treated with bifenthrin, deltamethrin and fluvalinate in vitro & in vivo. The study showed that these pyrethroids greatly suppressed the neuronal excitability as revealed by increasing current injected and inhibited the peak sodium current in honeybees. The three pyrethroids also inhibited steady-state inactivation in addition to reduction of sodium peak current.     

蜜蜂育种技术概述

本文从蜜蜂常规育种及非常规育种两个方面论述了蜜蜂育种技术的原理和进展,展望了蜜蜂育种技术的发展趋势和前景.     

蜜蜂蛹病病理及诊断的研究

对自然感染蜜蜂蛹病的蜂场调查，取样及症状观察，查明患病的蜜蜂蛹体色由白色变为灰白色，后期变为干枯状色，巢房盖被咬开，呈“白头蛹”状；感染试验表明，患病死亡的蜂蛹和病蜂群中的蜂王是传染来源；取自死亡工蜂蛹的头部，中肠组织和病蜂王卵巢组织作超薄病理切片，经电镜检测发现大量直径约２０毫微米的球型病毒粒子。电镜和免疫电镜诊断，均观察到大量的约２０毫微米的球型病毒粒子，此外，还对症状诊断，鉴别诊断和血清学诊     

蜂王人工授精技术概要

蜂王人工授精技术是蜜蜂育种的重要手段。本文从雄蜂及处女王的培育到环境设施消毒、雄蜂捕捉、精液采集、授精及授精后蜂群管理等各环节概要介绍了蜂王人工授精技术的操作要点．为蜂王人工授精技术的实施起到一定的指导作用。     

蜜蜂花粉中矿物质元素形态研究

元素形态研究是目前一个非常热门和活跃的领域。对蜜蜂花粉中矿物质元素形态研究做了全面概述,并对蜜蜂花粉中矿物质元素形态研究提出了一些建议。