蜂毒化学成分及其作用机理研究进展

蜂毒是一种具有高度药理学和生物活性的天然生物毒素，其在抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、镇静、降压、抗辐射、抗肿瘤以及提高免疫力等方面具有较高的应用价值。从蜂毒的化学成分和毒性作用机理方面进行了综述，以期为蜂毒的研究和利用提供参考。     

A device for pneumatic precision drills reducing the drift of the abrasion dust from dressed seed

The effect of drift of dust containing insecticide active ingredients (a.i.) derived from dressed seed and observed mortality or sub-lethal effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) has been recently investigated. Pneumatic precision drills used in maize sowing were considered among the main causes of the phenomenon. To reduce dust spread, the drills have subsequently been equipped with air deflectors that redirect the vacuum fan air outlet towards the ground, resulting in an unsatisfactory 50% reduction of a.i. concentration, with continuing sub-lethal effects on honey bees. We developed an effective prototype device for pneumatic drills, which uses partial recirculation and filtration of the air. Static tests (simulating sowing of maize seed treated with imidacloprid) were carried out to evaluate the prototype's efficiency and to provide information on the main characteristics of dust particles. Gravimetric and chemical analyses of samples showed, respectively, reductions of 98% of the total dust and of 97%. of the a.i which resulted from the application of the prototype. Particles with diameter >5 μm were nearly completely eliminated. For particles with diameters <4 μm, a lower reduction was observed, the effect of which, anyway, was counterbalanced by the lower overall mass of fine particles.     

西方蜜蜂咽下腺与繁殖力的发育遗传研究

应用条件和非条件分析的方法对 3品种西方蜜峰的蜂群繁殖力和工蜂咽下腺重量进行了发育遗传研究。结果表明 ,除蜂群的起始繁殖群势和 1日龄工蜂咽下腺重量外 ,其它各个时期均检测到显著或极显著的基因型方差 ,说明二性状主要受遗传决定。条件遗传分析发现 ,在某些无法检测到非条件方差的时期存在显著水平的条件方差 ,表明在不同时期有基因的新表达。同一性状不同时期的相关分析表明 ,除 1月 31日群势、1日龄工蜂咽下腺重量分别与其它各阶段没有检测到遗传相关外 ,其余各时期之间均检测到显著或极显著的基因型相关 ,表明控制这二性状早期表现的遗传效应并不是以相同的方式调节后期的表现。成对性状之间的相关分析表明 ,除了 1月 31日群势、1日龄工蜂咽下腺重量与蜂群产浆量没有检测到遗传相关外 ,其它各时期均检测到显著或极显著的遗传相关 ,说明除 1月 31日、1日龄两个阶段外的其它时期对二性状进行改良均有效。     

东方蜜蜂巢内动物物种多样性研究初报

在东方蜜蜂蜂箱内发现的物种，除绝对优势种东方蜜蜂（Ａｐｉｓｃｅｒａｎａ）以外，其它动物种类繁多。经初步调查发现，一个小小的蜂箱里，竟有动物种类多达５０种，分别隶属于３门８纲２２目。其中与蜜蜂关系为捕食者与被捕食者的有１７种，占总种数的３４％；为寄生关系的有１６种，占３２％；为互利关系的有９种，占１８％；为偏害关系的有６种，占１２％；为中性共生关系的有２种，占４％。     

蜂群崩溃失调病(CCD)研究进展

2006年冬到2007年春,蜂群崩溃失调病(colony collapse disorder,简称CCD)在世界范围内流行,已造成巨大损失。CCD是指意蜂蜂群中大量的成年工蜂短时间内突然在巢外失踪,没有发现尸体,只剩下蜂王、卵、一些未成年的工蜂和大量蜜粉残留于巢脾内的症状。到目前为止,经调查发现以色列急性麻痹病毒(Israeliacute paralysis virus,IAPV)是导致CCD的最大嫌疑,但CCD的确切致病机理尚未揭开。本文综述了CCD的主要症状、可能的致病原因等方面的研究进展,提出若干需要高度关注的问题,以及防范CCD的措施。     

Genetic analysis and phylogenetic comparison of Black queen cell virus genotypes

Phylogenetic analysis of 22 Black queen cell virus (BQCV) genotypes collected from honeybee colonies in Poland, Austria and Hungary was performed on a partial helicase enzyme coding region (ORF1) and on a partial structural polypeptide coding region (ORF2). While the phylogeny based on the ORF2 region showed – with the exception of one strain from Poland – clustering of the genotypes corresponding to their geographic origin, the ORF1-based tree exhibited a completely different distribution of the Polish strains: three of them clustered within a branch clearly separated from all other central European BQCVs, while four other Polish strains remained well within the central European BQCV genotypes. In order to investigate this discrepancy in more detail, the nearly complete genome sequences of the three differing Polish strains were determined, together with one Hungarian sample. The sequences were aligned to each other and to the reference strain from South-Africa. Comparison of the different genome regions revealed that the 5′-UTR and the intergenic regions of the BQCV genome are highly conserved with longer homologous sections. ORF1 (non-structural protein coding region) was found more variable compared to ORF2 (structural protein coding region). The 5′-proximal third of ORF1 was particularly variable and contained several deletions/insertions. The sudden changes in the similarity levels of BQCV strains in different genomic regions are indicative of preceding recombination events.     

广东省新蜜源植物及其应用

广东省一些外来的植物品种,其中不少是养蜂不可缺少的蜜粉源植物,对广东省的蜜源植物资源起了补充的作用.利用这些蜜源植物,对蜂群采取恰当的管理措施,可以促进蜂群的繁殖和收取蜂产品.     

Biphasic responses of the honeybee heart to nanomolar concentrations of amitraz

Amitraz is a pesticide targeting the octopaminergic receptors. In a previous study, octopamine, a biogenic amine, was found to induce a biphasic effect on the honeybee heart, inhibition at low concentrations and excitation at high concentrations. Furthermore, the honeybee heart was found to be far more sensitive to octopamine compared to other insect hearts. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of amitraz on the electrical and mechanical properties of the honeybee heart ex vivo and on the heart rate in vivo. In ex vivo conditions, amitraz at 10⁻¹² M caused a significant inhibition in the mechanical (p < 0.05, n = 4) and electrical properties (p < 0.05, n = 4). Higher concentrations such as 10⁻⁹ and 10⁻⁶ M induced a biphasic effect, with total inhibition for 7.86 ± 1.26 min (n = 7), followed by strong excitation of spontaneously-generated contractions (n = 7). The initial elimination of heart activity was caused by strong hyperpolarization, while the subsequent excitation was caused by a depolarization in the membrane potential of pacemaker cells at 10⁻⁹ M (n = 8). In the in vivo experiments, abdominal injection or oral application of 0.20 ng of amitraz per bee induced a persistent increase of 134.28 ± 4.07% (p < 0.05, n = 4) in the frequency of the cardiac action potentials. The above responses clearly show that the heart of the honeybee is extremely vulnerable to amitraz, which is nevertheless still used inside beehives, ostensibly to “protect” the honeybees against their main parasite, Varroa destructor.     

墨西哥鼠尾草访花昆虫观察及盗蜜行为的初步研究

墨西哥鼠尾草(Salvia leucantha)是唇形科、鼠尾草属的一年生草本植物,国内主要分布于浙江、安徽南部,目前已被广泛用作园林绿化中的景观植物。采用目测、拍照和摄像等方式调查了墨西哥鼠尾草的访花昆虫种类,初步观察了主要传粉昆虫的访花及盗蜜行为,记录了访花昆虫的日常活动规律。研究表明,墨西哥鼠尾草花期内的访花昆虫主要是中华蜜蜂、西方蜜蜂和熊蜂,其中熊蜂是唯一的初级盗蜜者,同时也是次级盗蜜者,中蜂和西蜂沿着熊蜂的盗洞进行采集。在墨西哥鼠尾草花有盗洞的情况下,蜜蜂单花停留时间越短,单位时间内访问的花朵数越多,访花频率越高。     

蜜蜂寿命相关因素的研究进展

寿命即生命活动的全过程,蜜蜂经过卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫每个复杂迥异的发育阶段,其生命的长短受内在的个体差异和外部客观环境共同影响,将从外界、营养、激素、基因等4个因素,对蜜蜂寿命差异产生的原因进行综述,以阐明影响蜜蜂寿命的各种原因,进一步探究雌性蜜蜂寿命差异的分子机理。