Predicting crown damage to Eucalyptus grandis by Paropsis atomaria with direct and indirect measures of leaf composition

A genetic basis for variation in resistance to defoliating insects within Eucalyptus species has been identified in many studies. This variation has frequently been ascribed to variation in secondary metabolites but studies investigating variation in resistance to defoliation by paropsine chrysomelids have failed to correlate foliar chemistry with resistance. We found that the extent of crown damage due to defoliation by Paropsis atomaria (Chrysomelidae: Colepoptera) in two matched progeny trials of Eucalyptus grandis was a heritable trait that exhibited a strong correlation with provenance latitude. Despite this, neither foliar nitrogen or concentrations of a recently discovered group of compounds, formylated phloroglucinol compounds, could account for significant variation in defoliation. We also investigated whether defoliation in the field could be predicted from foliar near-infrared reflectance spectra. Such an approach takes into account all compositional variation simultaneously rather than relying on a restricted number of measured traits. Modified partial least squares regression models performed poorly in predicting variation in crown defoliation between trees within a site primarily due to the high level of variability and coarseness of the calibration data. Discriminant analyses however demonstrated a consistent difference between spectra from trees in families suffering low level defoliation from families more susceptible to defoliation by P. atomaria suggesting chemical differences between the two groups are important in determining resistance to this insect.     

不同类型杂交早稻农艺性状的遗传分析

采用6个杂交稻三系不育系和10个杂交早稻父本品种,通过不完全双列杂交配置了60个杂交早稻组合。分析了在相同栽培环境条件下三系杂交早稻亲本及其所配置的杂交早稻组合的12个农艺性状的遗传规律。结果表明：12个农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主,各性状的狭义遗传力大小顺序依次为千粒重>株高>穗长>穗实粒数>结实率>穗总粒数>生育期>理论产量>实际产量>有效穗>成穗率>最高苗;除穗长外,其余性状受父本的影响较大;理论产量与结实率、穗实粒数、株高、成穗率及有效穗呈正相关,可通过这几个性状对产量进行间接选择;穗实粒数是杂交早稻选择指数中最重要的选择性状。     

水稻对紫外线B辐射增强的抗性遗传分析

采用加性-显性遗传模型和统计分析方法, 分析了水稻对UV-B辐射增强的抗性遗传特点. 结果表明, 水稻对UV-B辐射增强主要性状抗性指标的遗传受加性和显性效应共同控制, 其中以显性效应为主. 除株高抗性指标不存在狭义遗传率外, 各个抗性指标的狭义遗传率和广义遗传率均达显著水平. 亲本R669和密阳46的9个抗性指标具有明显的正向     

小麦花药培养特性的数量遗传分析

为探讨小麦花药培养特性的遗传特点和规律,分别以高花药培养特性和低花药培养特性的小麦材料为母本和父本,采用主基因 多基因遗传模型,对两个组合不同世代小麦材料的花药出愈率、愈伤组织绿苗分化率、花药绿苗率三个花培性状进行了遗传分析.结果表明,花药出愈率在组合Ⅰ检测到一对主基因,组合Ⅱ中检测到两对主基因.愈伤组织绿苗分化率和花药绿苗率均检测到两对主基因.主基因的加性效应(d)为增效,显性效应(h)除组合Ⅱ的愈伤组织绿苗分化率外均为减效.互作效应在组合Ⅰ中,愈伤组织绿苗分化率的jab(第一对主基因的d与第二对主基因的h间的互作效应)和花药绿苗率的jba(第一对主基因的h与第二对主基因的d间的互作效应)较小.在组合Ⅱ中,花药出愈率的jba较小;愈伤组织绿苗分化率的l(显性互作效应)较大;花药绿苗率的各效应值比较平均.多基因效应中,对于组合Ⅰ的花药绿苗率和组合Ⅱ的花药出愈率,d和h均为增效,且h大于d;组合Ⅱ中愈伤组织绿苗分化率的d和h均为减效,且d大于h.不同组合F2代花药出愈率的主基因遗传率存在明显差异,组合Ⅰ为55.01%,组合Ⅱ为84.54%,其余两花培性状主基因遗传率差异较小,均在90%以上.研究认为,3个性状受主基因和多基因共同影响,且主基因起决定作用,花药出愈率可以作为衡量小麦花药培养特性的重要指标之一.     

小黑麦F1、F2产量性状的遗传率和群体杂种优势分析

为了解小黑麦产量性状的遗传规律和群体杂种优势的表现,采用完全双列杂交试验设计,利用农艺性状的加性-显性遗传模型,分析了小黑麦15个F1、F2代组合7个主要产量性状的遗传表现。结果表明,单株产量、株高、穗下节间长、每穗粒数和千粒重的遗传率达到了显著水平,穗下节间长和株高的遗传率较高。单株产量、千粒重和株高在F1、F2代都具有很强的群体杂种优势,F2代优势比F1代降低了50%左右,F1杂种优势平均可延续1.1~2.0代,强优势组合杂种优势可延续到3代。     

玉米自交系农艺性状的配合力及遗传力分析

试验结果表明,BC0029,PK0083,海921,C649和太411主要性状的GCA较高,转了果聚糖合酶基因的自交系在产量性状上配合力表现较好,而转了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的自交系在光合性状上配合力表现好;在参试的25个组合中,特殊配合力最高的组合是C649×PK0083。遗传力估算表明,一般配合力表现出比特殊配合力较大的遗传分量。从性状遗传力估计值看,在玉米育种上可对穗行数、穗长、叶宽、叶长进行早代选择,而对穗位高、叶面积、百粒重性状宜进行晚代选择。     

红籽瓜主要产量性状的遗传力及相关性分析

以红籽瓜农家品种及自交系为供试材料,采用随机区组试验设计,用方差分析法估算了单株坐瓜数、单瓜重、单瓜种子数、单瓜种子重、种仁重、千粒重、出仁率、产籽率和种子体积的广义遗传力;并对43个红籽瓜品种9个产量性状的遗传力、遗传变异系数和相关性进行了研究。结果表明,上述9个产量性状的广义遗传力分别为12.86%,80.14%,75.96%,74.39%,48.01%,17.12%,24.97%,18.60%和37.07%。单瓜重、单瓜种子数和单瓜种子重的遗传力较高,对其进行早世代单株选择有较好的效果;遗传变异系数以千粒重和出仁率较高,选择潜力大。性状间相关性的研究表明:通过对单瓜重的选择,可实现对单瓜种子数、单瓜种子重、种仁重和种子体积等性状的间接选择。并对红籽瓜产量性状遗传力分析结果及其在育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

Genetic parameters for strongyle and Nematodirus faecal egg counts in lambs and their relationships with performance traits

Genetic resistance to the gastro-intestinal parasites of lambs can contribute to sustainable systems of parasite control with associated benefits for health and welfare. This study reports estimates of the genetic parameters of strongyle egg counts (FEC), Nematodirus egg counts (NEM), faecal consistency scores (FCS) and their associations with growth and ultrasonic measurements of muscle (UMD) and fat (UFD) depths in lambs. The lambs were the progeny of 45 Bluefaced Leicester sires from Scottish Blackface and Hardy Speckled Face dams. Faecal samples were taken from lambs at 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26 weeks of age, giving 1024 to 3055 records per trait. Live weight was recorded for all lambs at 16 weeks and live weight, UMD and UFD were recorded in female lambs at 28 weeks. Mean FEC and NEM were significantly higher for twin versus single reared lambs, for male castrate versus female lambs and for the offspring of Scottish Blackface versus Hardy Speckled Face ewes. Heritability estimates for FEC were low (0.04 ± 0.02 to 0.20 ± 0.08) and showed a non-significant trend to increase with age. The phenotypic correlations between measures of FEC at different ages were low (0.06 to 0.34) but genetic correlations were not significantly different from one in most cases. Heritability estimates of NEM ranged from 0.05 ± 0.03 to 0.09 ± 0.05 and genetic correlations among counts at different ages were not significantly different from zero. FEC and NEM were strongly correlated genetically (0.62 to 0.93) and estimates of the genetic correlations between FEC and NEM with live weights (− 0.36 to 0.23), UMD (− 0.35 to 0.25) and UFD (0.08 to 0.55) were variable in sign, though not significantly different from zero. Heritability estimates for faecal consistency scores (FCS) were 0.06 ±0.03 to 0.11 ± 0.04, with strong genetic correlations between successive measures. FCS was not significantly correlated with FEC or lamb performance traits. It is concluded that selection for reduced strongyle egg counts in lambs at around 5–6 months of age will give favourable correlated responses in NEM in lambs, with limited correlated response in lamb performance or faecal consistency scores.     

Estimation of variance components for postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows

The postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) represents one of the most important diseases after parturition in sows. The genetic background of the disease has been investigated some time ago and heritability estimates around 0.10 have been obtained. To compute current estimates, a dataset of 1680 sampled sows and their 2001 clinically examined litters was used for variance components estimation with a threshold liability model. Affected sows were defined through clinical examination 12–48 h after parturition. Posterior mean of additive genetic variance was 0.10 and estimated heritability for PDS averaged 0.0879 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.0876 and 0.0881. The results are in agreement with those of other studies and emphasize the importance of considering the genetic predisposition for susceptibility to PDS as well as of additional factors including hygiene and management conditions.