几种重金属离子对半滑舌鳎组织损伤的研究

实验室条件下,1龄半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisG櫣nther)暴露在浓度为0·1×10-6mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)溶液中。随暴露时间的延长,半滑舌鳎的行为发生一定的变化:Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)组的鱼行动缓慢,应激性很差,偶尔还出现不协调的颤抖性游泳行为,试验结束时几乎不摄食;Pb~(2+)和Zn~(2+)组的鱼游动积极,与实验前无大差别。利用常规组织切片法检查Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对半滑舌鳎鳃、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、脑的组织损伤情况。结果显示,Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对鳃、肝脏和肾脏的损伤最为严重,引起了次鳃小瓣结构的崩溃;肝脏细胞脂肪颗粒的变形和大量堆积,造血组织坏死;肾小球结构溃解和管细胞肥大。Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)组鱼次鳃小瓣基部上皮呈空泡状,粘液细胞数量减少,氯细胞肥大增生;肝脏脂肪颗粒堆积,肝细胞肥大增生;肾脏血细胞坏死,肾小管形态溃解和管细胞增生。对脾脏和脑的损伤未观察到。将行为学变化和生理损伤结合可以对在人工养殖过程中重金属的污染及早提出预警。     

The Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Soil Profiles (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Contamination of soils does not only occur on their surface over large areas, but also in depth. Therefore a characterization of soil state after pollution demands a three-dimensional soil sampling, by what a large number of samples has to be analyzed. Analytical results could be evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, which have already been used for the evaluation of data sets containing results from soil sampling of two dimensions like areas or single profiles. In this case study, multivariate statistical methods were applied to investigate structure and interactions between features in a data set containing results of three-dimensional soil sampling. The investigated soil profiles were contaminated by emissions of a former cement and phosphate fertilizer plant. The aim of this study was to determine the remaining extent of contamination and to analyze whether pollutants are mobilized and vertically transported within the profiles. Materials and Methods: Three soil profiles were sampled in the surroundings of the plant. Grain size, organic and carbonatic bonded carbon, pH value, and the total contents of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, F, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, and Zn were determined. The resulting data set was evaluated by cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and principal components analysis. The sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer was applied to analyze the binding properties of Ca, Cd, Cu, Na, Pb, and Zn from selected samples. Results: Cd was identified as contaminant of the top soils. The pH values of the bottom soils were determined to be in alkaline range, which is unnaturally high. Variables were clustered according to enrichment of variables in top soils. The samples were classified regarding their pollution state and their substrate by cluster analysis, which was confirmed by linear discriminant analysis. Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of variables as well as relationships between variables like the binding of heavy metals at organic matter were detected by using principal components analysis. The binding of heavy metals at organic matter in the top soils was confirmed by the results of the applied sequential extraction. A vertically altered distribution of Na binding was determined. Discussion: According to the current soil conditions, the uptake of heavy metals had probably occurred by the over ground part of plants during the deposition. The distribution of Na should likely result from the vertical transport of Na, which would also explain the high pH values of the bottom soils by ion exchange. Altogether, the main amount of deposited Ca, F, Na, P, and heavy metals is likely nearly insoluble bound in the top soils. Conclusions: Ten years after the end of production, the pollution of top soils in the surroundings of the former plant is still high. However, regarding the ecotoxicological relevance the now explored interactions between several soil features and elements strongly indicate that there is no short-term to medium-term risk of a mobilization of the deposited elements with the exception of Na. Recommendations and Perspectives: The results of this case study prove that multivariate statistical methods are powerful tools to explore interactions of variables and relationships in a data set derived from three dimensional soil sampling. The methods applied in this work can be highly recommended for evaluations of large data sets resulting from two- or three-dimensional samplings. Multivariate statistical methods enable the characterization of soils and their pollution state in a simple and economic way.     

甲醛用量对板栗壳色素-甲醛树脂性质和吸附重金属性能的影响

采用氨催化-热固化法合成了板栗壳色素-甲醛树脂,研究了甲醛用量对所合成树脂元素组成、阳离子交换量以及吸附去除水中Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)性能的影响.与板栗壳色素相比,合成树脂中C、H、N元素含量以及H/C、N/C均略有增加,而O、S元素含量及其与C元素的原子数比均下降,但不同甲醛用量对所合成树脂中各元素的含量没有显著影响.多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.4时所合成树脂的离子交换量最大.不同重金属最适的甲醛用量不同,Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为0.825时有最优的吸附效果,Cd(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.750时去除率最高,而Pb(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.225时吸附效果最好.     

超富集植物与能源植物间作对Cd、Pb、Zn累积的影响

间作模式是实现重金属污染土壤边修复边生产的重要措施。通过盆栽实验,研究了超富集植物(少花龙葵、翅果菊)与能源植物(皇草、甜高粱)间作对Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤修复的影响。结果表明,间作对土壤有机质没有显著影响,但能提高土壤中有效态Cd、Pb、Zn含量。与单作相比,间作显著增加了少花龙葵和翅果菊的生物量,而显著降低了两能源植物生物量。所有处理中,少花龙葵与皇草间作处理显著提高了皇草地上部Cd和Zn含量,翅果菊与皇草间作显著提高了两植物地上部Cd和Zn含量。此外,翅果菊与皇草间作显著增加了单株植物地上部Cd和Zn的累积。单盆中Cd和Zn累积量最大的是翅果菊与皇草间作处理(Cd为397.65μg·盆~(-1),Zn为4 169.42μg·盆~(-1)),其次为少花龙葵与皇草间作;少花龙葵与皇草间作对Pb累积量最大(Pb为158.28μg·盆~(-1)),翅果菊与皇草间作对Pb累积量为98.17μg·盆~(-1)。研究表明,翅果菊与皇草间作和少花龙葵与皇草间作可以显著提高Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤的植物修复潜力。     

广西大厂矿区某屯玉米重金属污染评价

[目的]对广西大厂矿区某屯玉米重金属污染进行评价。[方法]从广西大厂矿区某屯采集玉米样品及相应的土壤样品各10个,分析了其中的As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu等元素的含量,并对玉米安全性进行评价。[结果]该屯10个玉米样品均受到了不同程度的重金属污染,5个样品为重污染,1个样品为中污染,4个样品为轻污染,主要超标元素是Pb和Zn。玉米对土壤中各元素的富集能力是不同的,富集系数排序为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>As,说明玉米对砷和镉的富集能力较小。尽管该地区土壤中As、Cd污染很严重,但玉米中超标的主要是Zn和Pb,As和Cd反而不超标。[结论]该研究为今后广西大厂矿区农产品的安全性管理提供了科学参考。     

市政污泥生物质炭重金属含量及其形态特征

为了探索污泥资源化利用的新途径,在200、300、500和700℃下裂解温度下,将干燥的市政污泥制备成生物质炭,分析其主要重金属形态及其含量,了解裂解温度对污泥生物质炭重金属形态及其含量的影响.结果表明:高温裂解处理不仅影响污泥生物质炭重金属总量,而且还影响其形态.随着裂解温度提高,污泥生物质炭中重金属含量增加;低温(200℃)裂解处理导致汞损失殆尽,但提高了酸溶态As、Cd、Mn和Zn的含量;裂解温度超过300℃,重金属残渣态含量大幅度增加,比例占50％以上,可氧化态、酸溶态和可还原态重金属含量均随裂解温度的提高而降低.结果显示,尽管污泥生物质炭重金属含量比干燥污泥高一些,但大部分转化为生物有效性极低的残渣态.     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

苯甲酸钠对铜、铅、镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以“扬麦16”为试验材料,研究苯甲酸钠对复合重金属胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,2.4 mmol·kg^-1复合重金属胁迫下,小麦出苗延迟,且幼苗生长受到显著抑制。与清水对照（处理0）相比,喷施2～4 g·L^-1的苯甲酸钠溶液,小麦的叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、 F_v/F₀和根系活力显著增加（P < 0.01）。进一步分析发现,喷施2～4 g·L^-1苯甲酸钠处理通过增加游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量和提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性缓解了小麦幼苗的毒害,最终降低叶片中丙二醛（MDA）含量,但喷施苯甲酸钠溶液浓度越高（＞6 g·L^-1）反而会抑制幼苗生长甚至对幼苗产生毒害。相关分析性表明,当苯甲酸钠施用浓度为1.97～3.12 g·L^-1（2016年）、1.58～3.27 g·L^-1（2017年）时,小麦叶绿素及其组分含量、根系活力、SOD活性、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含达最大值,当其浓度为2.59 g·L^-1（2016年）、3.02 g·L^-1（2017年）,MDA含量最小。综上,喷施（1.58～3.27 g·L^-1）的苯甲酸钠能减轻复合重金属胁迫对小麦幼苗的毒害。     

马鞍山近50年来强降水特征统计分析

利用马鞍山1956～2009年日雨量50.0～99.9 mm和日雨量≥100.0 mm的强降水资料,从时空分布和出现频率进行了统计分析,结果表明,马鞍山历年共发生区域性暴雨83日次,区域性大暴雨及特大暴雨17日次;共出现暴雨295站次,当涂最多,为158站次,马鞍山市次之,为137站次;共出现大暴雨及特大暴雨63站次,马鞍山市32站次,当涂31站次;1991年出现暴雨次数最多(19站次),出现的大暴雨及特大暴雨次数也是最多(8站次);4月上旬～11月下旬为暴雨出现时段,6月上旬～8月下旬为大暴雨及特大暴雨出现时段,暴雨峰值出现在7月上旬(56站次),6月上旬～7月下旬是马鞍山降水频发期,夜间出现暴雨的概率与白天基本持平。     

硫酸浸出电镀污泥中Zn、Cr条件及其动力学研究

采用硫酸作为酸浸出剂,考察了浸出时间、酸浓度和浸出温度对电镀污泥中重金属Zn、Cr浸出效果的影响,并运用Avrami方程拟合Zn、Cr的浸出动力学。结果表明:硫酸浸出Zn、Cr的最适浸出时间、酸浓度、温度均为4h、3mol/L、20℃。Zn、Cr的浸出过程均可用Avrami方程进行很好的拟合,其浸出反应的表观活化能分别为3.58和3.06k J/mol,即两者的浸出过程均是扩散控制的,为工业规模的硫酸浸出电镀污泥中Zn、Cr提供理论参考。