浅析农业科技与农民专业合作经济组织发展——以云南省为例

基于对云南省部分地区的农民专业合作社与专业协会的调研与思考,意在阐明农业科技应用在农村经济和农业经济中的地位,并细化到探讨农业科技与农民专业合作经济组织发展的关系。介绍国内外以及省内的农业科技发展现状,省内农民专业合作经济组织的发展状况,农民合作组织中科技应用的特点以及以科技促进合作组织发展的对策分析视角等内容。     

Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use

Timber harvesting and fuelwood collection have dramatically reduced the total amount of forestland around the world, including in China. To understand how timber harvesting and fuelwood collection activities affect use by wildlife, we examined giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) use within Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, southwest China. We evaluated giant panda use of habitat by observing the presence/absence of panda feces in 913 field plots. Newly harvested areas (0-10 years) had the lowest frequency of feces presence (3%), while unharvested forests had the highest (36%). Feces presence is influenced by bamboo cover, overstory and midstory composition, slope, aspect and distance to human activity. Results suggest that timber harvesting and fuelwood collection have important impacts on the use of forested habitats and panda use is reduced for several decades after harvests. However, as the forest regenerates, panda habitat may begin to recover after a period of at least 37 years. This has potential implications for the long-term conservation of panda habitats and suggests that if forestland is maintained via the Natural Forest Conservation Program (China’s logging ban), habitats that were previously harvested may eventually regenerate and increase the potential for the species long-term survival.     

Is land abandonment having an impact on biodiversity? A meta-analytical approach to bird distribution changes in the north-western Mediterranean

Teasing out how species respond to human-induced environmental changes has become a priority for addressing the challenges posed by the need to conserve biodiversity. Although land abandonment is widespread, the threat it can represent to biodiversity remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we used data from eight long-term studies in a region with widespread land abandonment that has been identified as a biodiversity hotspot, the north-west Mediterranean Basin. We conducted a multi-site analysis of how changes in species occurrence were affected by species’ attributes (habitat preference, habitat breadth, migration strategy and latitudinal distribution). The analysis revealed a nested pattern in the effect of species attributes. Woodland and shrubland species showed the strongest increase, whereas no change in overall occurrence patterns was detected in farmland species. Residents increased significantly, especially those with a northern distribution, whereas migrants decreased significantly, especially farmland species with a narrow habitat breadth. Changes in species occurrence were also related to initial landscape composition, with larger increases in initially woodland or mixed landscapes. Woodland species increased in all landscape types, shrubland species increased only in mixed landscapes, and farmland species decreased more, although not significantly, in farmland landscapes. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that large-scale habitat changes associated mainly with land abandonment are impacting bird community patterns in the Mediterranean region. Negative effects seem to be recorded mostly for migrants in farmland landscapes, suggesting that declines in these species are likely to be caused by a variety of mechanisms interacting with habitat change in the breeding region.     

GIS-based modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle distribution using logistic and autologistic regression models

Few attempts have been made to model the distribution of the Javan Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) based on predictions formulated from habitat requirements in West Java or throughout Java Island. This paper proposes a new approach to predicting probability models of Javan Hawk-Eagle (JHE) distribution using the application of logistic regression (LR) and autologistic regression (ALR) coupled with RAMAS GIS, and creating pseudo-absence data using a normalized difference vegetation index from remote sensing data. Habitat requirements of 11 nest-sites in Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park (TNGP) and its surrounding areas were analyzed and quantified, and the model was validated in southern parts of West Java. The final LR model was used as the starting point for fitting ALR models that account for spatial autocorrelation through the addition of an autocovariate variable using several different neighborhood sizes ranging from 450 m (15 × 15 moving window size, or equal to 20.25 ha) to 1500 m (50 × 50 moving window size, or equal to 225 ha) using 300 m interval. The best model was the ALR model with a 1500 m autocovariate that agreed with the distance between nests in TNGP and the mean home range size in Java. This model showed a significant increase in overall accuracy and successfully removed misclassified pixels. Based on our results, we recommend five strategies for the management and conservation of JHE habitat, including integrated conservation management and increased regulation of wildlife reserves.     

Reproductive biology and ecology of selected rare and endangered Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae) plant species

About twenty-five percent of all southern African Oxalis species are rare/endangered and highly localized, making them especially vulnerable to extinction through inbreeding, low genetic variation, disrupted biological interactions and stochastic events; all consequences of small population sizes. Moreover, Oxalis displays tristyly, which is a rare and specialized sexual system that includes a strong self-incompatibility component between three floral morphs to promote out-crossing within populations. As tristyly requires the availability of plants with different floral morphs as well as effective pollinators for seed production, this breeding system can affect small populations when fully expressed. Factors that may have an effect on rarity in Oxalis were investigated by focusing on the expression of tristyly, levels of natural seed production, clonality and the ecology of eight rare/highly localized Oxalis species. Field experiments revealed that the reproductive success of some Oxalis species may be hampered by tristyly, resulting in extremely low levels of natural seed production. Other species display a more relaxed expression of self-incompatibility, which in combination with the possibility of cross-pollinations provides reproductive assurance regardless of population structure and pollinator availability. Others are rare and endangered, but appear not to be negatively affected by the tristylous breeding system. Most species are limited by their highly specific habitat requirements and are particularly vulnerable to variation in rainfall patterns.     

采笋管理政策对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复的作用

为了评估采笋管理政策对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复的作用,2018年 9月对保护区内采笋管理区域和保护区外围保护带的未管理区域进行了野外调查,对比分析采笋管理区域与未管理区域大熊猫主食竹——八月竹( Chimonobambusa szechuanensis )的生长状况以及森林植被特征。结果显示: 1)采笋管理区域的竹笋株高与数量明显大于未管理区域的相关指标( p <0.05),竹笋基径,成竹株高无明显差异。2)采笋管理区域乔木胸径,乔木树高,灌木层盖度大于未管理区域,且差异显著( p <0.05)。可见,采笋管理政策对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫主食竹的恢复产生正面作用,而连续采笋不仅影响了大熊猫主食竹的生长,也在改变大熊猫生境的森林植被特征。为了更好的保护当地大熊猫的生存,保护区实行科学的采笋管理政策是有效的,建议在其他保护区推广。     

有机管理对不同农田生境草本植物α、β和γ多样性的影响

有机农业有利于增加农田中的植物多样性,而丰富的植物群落可以为其他动物提供诸如蜜源、寄主、栖息地等多种生态系统服务功能。本研究基于一个有机管理的大面积多生境农场及其附近常规管理的农田区,进行植物调查,对比不同管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及其周边的农田边界等5种生境类型农田草本植物α、β和γ多样性的差异。研究发现,虽然有机管理下所有生境的草本植物物种数和药用草本植物物种数(α多样性)的平均数显著高于常规管理农田,但针对某一具体生境比较发现,有机管理仅显著增加了露天田块和水稻田埂的植物物种数,而对其他生境影响不显著。虽然有机管理农场和常规管理农田区的总体物种组成差异(β多样性)不大,但有机管理下水稻田埂和露天田块的草本植物物种组成显著不同于常规管理下的对应生境。总的植物物种数(γ多样性)在有机管理的农场区和常规管理的农田区间没有显著差异。由此可见本研究中有机管理仅有利于水稻田埂和露天田块的草本植物α多样性和β多样性的增加,而对大棚菜地、农田边界和果园影响不明显,并且有机管理并不能显著地增加该地区的草本植物γ多样性。因此有机农业增加植物多样性并不具有普遍性,需要具体考虑不同生境和不同层次多样性指数的差异。     

Heritability and quantitative trait loci of composition and structural characteristics in sorghum grain

Breeding efforts in cereal crops directed toward developing or improving end-use products of grain require assessment of existing phenotypic variance and an understanding of the genetic control of grain quality traits. To this end, a grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] mapping population consisting of 113 F_2:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Sureño and RTx430 was evaluated in multiple environments for grain composition (fat, fiber, protein, starch) using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), and size estimates of grain parts (embryo, vitreous endosperm, floury endosperm, kernel area) using an image-based phenotyping software system. Estimates of broad-sense heritability of grain compositional traits ranged from 0.11 to 0.90, whereas those of grain size ranged from 0.16 to 0.72. Composite interval mapping (CIM) was applied to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage map to identify marker-trait associations, and through these efforts, a total of 37 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain quality were identified across environments. Each QTL explained between 7 and 23% of the phenotypic variation for a given grain trait. Three of the five QTL that colocalized were for traits with significant negative correlation, which included grain protein content that was negatively correlated with grain starch content. In addition, several traits that were positively correlated (e.g. fat and fiber content) also revealed colocalized QTL. Finally, we compared the present study with previous studies identifying grain composition trait loci in an effort to identify genomic regions controlling grain traits across a diversity of environments and sorghum genotypes.     

Characterization and propagation of some medicinal plants in the central-south region of Chile

The increase of land use for crop cultivation and forest in South Central Chile, and the increasing wildcrafting of medicinal plants has resulted in a significant reduction of the plant population density of many native and endemic medicinal plants. Their cultivation and domestication is very limited, and there are no regulations or legislation for wildcrafting in Chile. The objectives of this study were to collect genetic material from five native medicinal plants (Adesmia emarginata, Buddleja globosa, Fabiana imbricata, Linum chamissonis, and Sophora macrocarpa), characterize the environmental conditions in which these grow in the Bio-Bio Region, Chile, and to determine the content of specific bioactive molecules. A maximum of 10 accessions of each species were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005 in a longitudinal and transversal transect of the Bio-Bio Region (36°00′-38°30′S; 71°W). Data of altitude, light conditions, soil chemical and physical characteristics and associated flora of the site collection were recorded. Seed germination requirements and the content of specific bioactive molecules (flavonoids or rutin) were also determined. In general, all these species are adapted to grow in poor soils with different pH values, P and K levels, low organic matter and N content. Flavonoids were determined in both A. emarginata (0.6-1%) and B. globosa (9.7-13.9%) leaves, while rutin concentration was determined in F. imbricata leaves and stems (1.3-5.3%). Results showed great variations for the content of active principles with medicinal activity, which indicates a corresponding variation in the quality of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Due to the fact that information on the domestication, propagation, cultivation and agronomic practices can ensure good pharmaceutical quality, this study provides a basis for further research on Chilean medicinal plants.     

基于RS和GIS的二三维一体化农业生态监测技术研究

GIS技术已经在农业生态领域得到了广泛的应用,实现了对农业生态环境信息的空间和属性信息的一体化分析和综合处理,实现的方式还集中于二维角度;采用二三维相结合的方式进行生态监测,并以云南省老君山示范区为例,介绍了农业生态二三维一体化可视化系统的设计,从二维和三维角度实现对该示范区内的城镇、矿山、道路的影响的判断,达到监测预警的目的。通过实践证明了将农业生态监测模型与GIS技术结合,应用二三维一体化进行可视化分析,可为农业生态保护提供全新的空间技术支持方法。