滴灌控制土壤基质势对土壤水分分布和苜蓿生长的影响

采用在滴头正下20 cm深度处埋设负压计,分别设置-15、-25和-35 k Pa的土壤基质势控制滴灌,通过田间试验,研究了不同土壤基质势下土壤水分变化特点和紫花苜蓿的生长特性,分析了蒸发、降雨和灌水与土壤基质势之间的关系。从土壤剖面水分分布来看,整个生育期内-15 k Pa处理下的土壤剖面含水率整体集中在14%~15%,较-25和-35 k Pa处理的更为均匀,水分密集区域距离滴头最近;-15 k Pa处理下苜蓿株高达到41.7 cm,盖度为15.3%,生物量值达到了281.29 g/m~2,在所有处理中均为最高。     

Differences in ecological and allelopathic traits among Alternanthera philoxeroides populations

Based on a field investigation and laboratory trials, this study compared the invasive ecology of aquatic and terrestrial alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides G.) ecotypes. The aquatic ecotype showed a stronger eco‐adaptation than the terrestrial ecotype. Alligator weed performed well in wetland and riparian habitats, where it was so competitive that only one‐to‐three other plant types grew successfully in its company. In contrast, it exhibited poor growth in upland fields and parks, where the terrestrial ecotype was dominated by 6–11 other alien plant species. The aquatic ecotype exhibited significantly greater growth inhibition of Microcystis aeruginosa. The ecotypes differed in their pattern of allelopathic inhibition of water blooms. The allelopathic effect of the aquatic ecotype persisted for a period exceeding 20 days, whereas the terrestrial ecotype's allelopathic effect subsided in <5 days. The aquatic ecotype had higher levels of antioxidant compounds, including soluble protein and flavones, and the activity of protective enzymes was also higher, which included superoxidase dismutase, peroxidase and catalase. Alligator weed's unique characteristics derive mainly from its strong allelopathic potential and tolerance of eutrophication in aquatic habitats.     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系(英文)

[目的]研究不同类型水稻品种产量构成因素与产量的关系,为水稻高产栽培提供理论依据。[方法]以在四川成都地区应用较多的超级稻品种和非超级稻品种为试验材料,研究不同类型品种连续 3 年(2006~2008 年)在高产栽培条件下的产量表现,分析其产量构成因素与产量的关系。[结果]水稻的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重关系密切,对于不同的品种类型,4个因素对产量的影响存在差异。在10.5~11.25 t/hm2的产量目标下,通过中小苗三角形条栽模式研究结果显示超级稻的产量与穗数、千粒重关系密切,同时,与穗粒数呈负相关,与结实率呈显著负相关。非超级稻品种的产量与穗数、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈负相关关系,且与穗数、千粒重呈显著负相关。[结论]该研究明确了不同类型水稻品种的产量构成因素与产量的关系,为合理制订高产栽培措施、充分发挥超级稻的产量潜力、实现水稻大面积稳产高产奠定了基础。     

试论诗歌作品是中国诗学研究的核心

中国诗学是对以诗歌作品为核心的诗歌事实的系统的理论化的认识。一直以来,诗歌作品却处于诗学研究边缘的位置上,是隐藏的核心。在今后的研究中,诗作要放在更加突出的位置上,形成以诗歌史为母体,诗歌作品为核心,包括诗人研究、文献研究、诗体研究、写作研究、诗论研究、范畴研究等一核心、多层次的诗学体系。     

甘菊种子萌发特性及自然条件下生长发育规律

对甘菊[Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium(Fisch.ex Trautv.)Makino]种子萌发特性和自然条件下生长发育规律进行了试验观察,发现不同栽培基质及不同储藏时间对甘菊种子萌发率均有影响,在MS培养基上播种甘菊种子萌发率最高,可达90%左右。甘菊种子无休眠现象,采收后立即播种和次年春季播种萌发率均可达90%左右。甘菊种子不耐储藏,储藏至第3年秋季播种,萌发率仅为30%。自然条件下,5月至8月底是甘菊植株的营养生长时期,在此期间,甘菊株高、茎粗、冠幅、叶片数及分枝数一直处于增长状态;9月份当日照长度缩短至13 h时,甘菊开始现蕾,这表明13 h光照/11 h黑暗可能为甘菊现蕾的临界日长。     

小麦不同生育期硝酸还原酶活性的测定

[目的]测定小麦不同生育期硝酸还原酶活性。[方法]通过水培法对小麦种子进行培养,并采用活体法对其全生育期叶片和根部的硝酸还原酶活性进行了测定。[结果]小麦叶内NRA呈现＂S＂型增长,生长前期和末期无明显增长,而抽穗期至开花期NRA急剧增长;小麦根内NRA在抽穗期达到最高,然后逐渐降低。[结论]为合理施肥及指导育种提供了参考。     

畜禽养殖环境效率及其污染物减排——以不同规模生猪养殖为例

为探究中国生猪养殖产生污染物的减排潜力,基于随机前沿生产函数模型,利用2004—2016年生猪养殖的省级宏观数据,测算了不同规模生猪养殖的环境效率,并从时间和空间2个维度计算了生猪养殖产生污染物的潜在削减量,最后进一步探究了生猪养殖环境效率的提升路径。结果表明:1)小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.924、0.953、0.926,随着养殖规模增大环境效率呈现出"倒U型"趋势,而且随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖的环境效率均出现了不同程度的上升趋势;2)在时间维度上,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖1头猪1年产生的污染物还可以平均减少5.89、2.42和4.13 kg,但随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量均在不断减少;3)在空间维度上,小规模生猪养殖东部地区污染物的潜在削减量要高于中西部地区;中规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在各区域中相对均衡;而大规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在不同地区呈现出两级分化趋势;4)本研究选取的生产要素投入量、饲养天数以及环境治理费用等对生猪养殖环境效率均有显著影响。最后,基于研究结论,提出相关的措施建议以提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

NaCl胁迫对红厚壳幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以红厚壳盆栽幼苗为试验材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:1.5%和2.5%浓度的NaCl胁迫时,红厚壳幼苗生长更快,叶绿素含量、CAT和SOD活性均增加;之后随着浓度的升高,红厚壳生长减缓,叶绿素含量减少,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著增加,CAT、SOD活性显著下降,POD活性变化不明显.红厚壳幼苗可耐3.5%的NaCl胁迫,在2.5%浓度时生长最好.     

乳清粉含量对断奶仔猪生产性能和消化吸收能力的影响

研究不同水平的乳清粉 (5 %、10 %、2 0 % )对断奶仔猪消化吸收能力的影响 ,结果表明 :随乳清粉水平的增加 ,仔猪生产性能随着增加 ,其中各组间ADG达显著水平 (P =0 .0 2 ) ;营养物质消化率也随着乳清粉水平的提高而提高 ,特别是DM和EE的消化率各组间均达显著水平 ;乳清粉从 5 %升至 2 0 %血浆葡萄糖也随着升高 ,差异显著 (P =0 .0 2 ) ,血浆总蛋白各组间差异接近显著水平 (P =0 .0 6 ) ,以 2 0 %乳清分组最高