节水灌溉下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N2O排放与产量的影响

为探寻不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N2O排放与产量的影响,于2023年进行大田试验,设置常规灌溉（F）与控制灌溉（C）两种灌溉模式,同时设置秸秆还田（S）、秸秆炭化为生物炭还田（B）、秸秆过牛腹为有机肥还田（O）3种还田形式,以及秸秆不还田（N）作为对照组,共计8个处理。分析不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对稻田N2O排放通量与水稻产量的影响,测定了水稻各生育期稻田土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量、pH值,并分析了N2O排放总量和水稻产量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：除返青期外,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量均表现为增加。相同秸秆还田形式下,控制灌溉模式下各处理生育期内土壤平均铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量较常规灌溉模式高36.23%~60.82%、14.16%~19.61%。同时,秸秆还田与生物炭还田能提高稻田土壤pH值。相同灌溉模式下,与秸秆不还田处理相比较,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理N2O排放总量分别增加14.44%~24.09%、8.22%~14.44%,生物炭还田处理N2O排放总量降低14.31%~23.90%。生物炭还田与有机肥还田各处理水稻产量提高3.28%~13.07%,其中控制灌溉模式下生物炭还田处理产量最高。综上所述,控制灌溉下生物炭还田可以实现节水、增产、减排的目的。     

Tillage and crop straw methods affect energy use efficiency,economics and greenhouse gas emissions in rainfed winter wheat field of Loess Plateau in China

Data from a field experiment conducted in China's Loess Plateau (2013–2015) were used to determine the energy balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as affected by tillage and straw treatments. Tillage treatments included chisel plow, no tillage, and mouldboard plow. Crop straw levels included straw returning and straw removed. The energy balance was evaluated by comparing the following parameters: net energy, energy profitability, energy use efficiency, and energy intensity. The yield parameters were significantly influenced by the tillage treatments and revealed that the chisel plow entailed fewer field operations and lower energy requirements with a higher yield than mouldboard plowing tillage. The highest proportion of energy input came from a nitrogen fertiliser, followed by diesel fuel. The total energy input applied per hectare increased with an increase in the tillage intensity, and the lowest energy input was required for the no tillage case with the straw returning treatment, and the highest for the case of mouldboard plow with the straw returning treatment. The lowest average energy intensity was recorded for the no tillage case, followed by the case of chisel plow tillage in both cropping seasons. Moreover, in the case of mouldboard plough tillage, the maximum energy intensity was recorded in both cropping seasons. In the cases of the chisel plow tillage and the no tillage, we observed the maximum energy gain, while in the no tillage case, we observed the maximum energy use efficiency. The net return and the benefit/cost ratio were higher in the case of straw returning than those in the case of no straw treatment. We concluded that no tillage and chisel plow tillage with straw returning could improve the energy use efficiency and the benefit/cost ratio of winter wheat production systems.     

新疆农业生产碳排放变化特征及其净碳排放压力研究

对新疆1996-2013年农业生产5大碳源碳排放及种植业碳汇进行测算,从时间、空间、结构3方面分析其农业生产碳排放变化特征;在农业净碳排放的基础上,构建净碳排放压力指数模型,分析新疆农业生产净碳排放压力变动趋势。研究表明,新疆农业生产碳排放在总量上呈“上升-下降-上升”趋势,碳排放强度总体上保持下降;在区域上表现出明显的差异性,喀什地区碳排放量最高,是克拉玛依市的72倍;从结构特征看,牲畜养殖、农用物资、农业活动占碳排放源的96%以上。牲畜碳排放量呈下降趋势,农业活动、农用物资碳排放呈明显增长趋势。碳汇总量增加较为迅速,农业生产净碳排放量整体保持下降趋势。净碳排放量大致分为“持平-下降”两个阶段变化特征。由净碳排放压力指数看出,新疆农业碳排放压力呈逐年递减状态。由此可知,要根据新疆实际合理适时调整优化农业产业结构,加快推进农业绿色化现代化;宏观布局,制定差异化的农业发展路线;加强农村地区的生态环境建设,提高农业生产资料的回收利用强度。     

Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Response to ESN and Urea Application in a No-Till Barley Cropping System

We investigated the effect of environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN) fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions under no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production over 3 years at three sites in Alberta, Canada. Treatments included two barley cultivars, with ESN and urea applied at 1× and 1.5× the recommended rate, and herbicide at 50% and 100% of registered in-crop rates. Cumulative N₂O emissions over the growing season were low (0.11 to 1.32 kg nitrogen (N) per hectare or 0.05–0.22 g N kg^?1 grain yield), and not affected by barley cultivars or herbicide rates in all nine site-years, nor by fertilizer type or rate in seven out of nine site-years. However, average N₂O emissions from ESN were 15% lower (P = 0.05) than urea across all site-years. Our results suggest ESN could play a role in reducing N₂O emissions, but the reduction will depend on rainfall events and crop N utilization.     

干湿交替对新疆绿洲农田土壤CO2排放的影响

[目的]分析不同土壤水分变化及干湿交替对土壤CO_2排放的影响,为绿洲农田土壤碳循环提供科学依据。[方法]选取新疆绿洲棉田土壤,通过室内控制模拟试验,以及用气相色谱仪分析CO_2浓度。[结果](1)与60%WFPS(土壤充水孔隙度)相比,40%WFPS对土壤CO_2排放起到了显著的抑制作用(p0.05),而80%WFPS对土壤CO_2排放无显著性影响(p0.05)。培养结束时,与60%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量相比,40%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量降低26%(p0.05),而80%WFPS的土壤CO_2累积排放量仅增加0.04%(p0.05)。(2)多次干湿交替循环后,干湿交替处理下的土壤CO_2累积排放量显著低于恒湿处理。在不同干旱强度处理中,重度干旱(SD)处理对土壤CO_2排放速率响应程度大于适度干旱(MD)处理,但多次干湿交替循环后,SD处理下的土壤CO_2累积排放量却显著小于MD处理。随干湿交替循环次数的增加,干湿交替对土壤CO_2排放速率的影响显著降低,特别是对土壤CO_2排放速率最高值的影响最大。[结论]在新疆绿洲棉田土壤中,干湿交替能降低土壤CO_2排放量,降低量随干旱强度的增大而增大。     

外加可溶性碳氮对不同热量带土壤N2O排放的影响

在室内条件下研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤：黑土、潮褐土和红壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤N2O排放量从高到低分别为潮褐土（0．868、3．07μg·g^-1）,红壤（0．511、0．731μg·g^-1）,黑土（0．221、0．294μg·g^-1）,且添加可溶性碳显著促进了土壤N2O排放量。在黑土、潮褐土和红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后N2O排放量均表现为化肥＋有机肥土壤〉化肥土壤〉无肥土壤,且与无肥土壤相比,红壤的化肥土壤N2O排放量增加254％,潮褐土化肥土壤增加49．5％,黑土化肥土壤增加1．74％,说明在有效积温越高的土壤上长期施肥对土壤N2O损失的贡献越大。研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大。     

淹水条件下FACE处理的水稻以及小麦秸秆的分解及产物

Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg-1 (air-dried), and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25 ℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 (FR) were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 (AR), respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C productions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emissions from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw (P < 0.05). These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.     

Biomass burning in Brazil's Amazonian “arc of deforestation”: Burning efficiency and charcoal formation in a fire after mechanized clearing at Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso

Estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain because of high variability in key parameters and because of the limited number of studies providing field measurements of these parameters. One such parameter is burning efficiency, which determines how much of the original forest's aboveground carbon stock will be released in the burn, as well as how much will later be released by decay and how much will remain as charcoal. In this paper we examined the fate of biomass from a semideciduous tropical forest in the “arc of deforestation,” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. We estimated carbon content, charcoal formation and burning efficiency by direct measurements (cutting and weighing) and by line-intersect sampling (LIS) done along the axis of each plot before and after burning of felled vegetation. The total aboveground dry biomass found here (219.3 Mg ha⁻¹) is lower than the values found in studies that have been done in other parts of the Amazon region. Values for burning efficiency (65%) and charcoal formation (6.0%, or 5.98 Mg C ha⁻¹) were much higher than those found in past studies in tropical areas. The percentage of trunk biomass lost in burning (49%) was substantially higher than has been found in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the concentration of more stems in the smaller diameter classes and the low humidity of the fuel (the dry season was unusually long in 2007, the year of the burn). This study provides the first measurements of forest burning parameters for a group of forest types that is now undergoing rapid deforestation. The burning parameters estimated here indicate substantially higher burning efficiency than has been found in other Amazonian forest types. Quantification of burning efficiency is critical to estimates of trace-gas emissions from deforestation.     

林火碳排放研究进展

火是森林生态系统主要的干扰因子, 森林火灾的频繁发生不仅使森林生态系统遭到破坏, 同时也造成了含碳温室气体的大量释放。综述了火烧面积、森林可燃物以及燃烧效率等主要因子对森林火灾排放碳量估计的影响, 分析了这一领域未来研究发展趋势。大量研究表明:1)卫星遥感是估测大尺度上森林过火面积的主要手段, 随着高分辨率卫星的应用, 森林火灾面积的估计精度不断得到提高。目前的研究主要集中于大尺度上林火面积的估计和估算方法的改进。2)遥感数据是目前估计大尺度可燃物燃烧量的有效手段, 利用遥感数据的同时结合有效可燃物计算模型, 运用多元线性与非线性分析结合等方法提高对可燃物燃烧量的估计。3)燃烧效率是决定可燃物消耗量的主要因子, 也是估计森林火灾释放含碳气体量的关键。未来的研究是利用高分辨率的遥感数据, 结合复杂的可燃物计算模型, 更精确地估计林火碳排放。     

康平县农业机械能耗现状与节能减排措施

近年来康平县农业装备水平快速提高,农业机械节能减排问题越来越突出。介绍康平县农业机械能耗现状,分析农机能耗过大的主要原因,有针对性地提出农业机械节能减排技术措施,以推进康平县农业农村节能减排工作进程。