Effects of distillers dried grains with solubles and mineral sources on gaseous emissions

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an important ethanol industry co-product, has been used as a high-protein feed in poultry production. Limited studies exist on their effect on air emissions, however. In the current study, 4 diets (2 × 2 factorial design: 0 or 20% DDGS + inorganic or organic mineral sources) were fed to Hy-line W36 hens from 50 to 53 wk of age and the effects of DDGS level and mineral sources on air emissions were monitored continuously for a 23-d period in environmentally controlled chambers. The NH₃, H₂ S, CH₄, nonmethane hydrocarbons, N₂ O, CO₂, and CO₂-equivalent emissions ranged from 0.51 to 0.64 g/day-hen, 0.71 to 0.84 mg/day-hen, 33.9 to 46.0 mg/day-hen, 54.1 to 60.0 mg/day-hen, 66.0 g to 72.2 g/day-hen, and 83.1 to 92.1 g/day-hen, respectively. Feeding DDGS to laying hens resulted in 14% decreased NH₃ emissions but a 19% increase in CH₄ emissions without affecting other gaseous emissions. More than 30% of N, 80% of P, 80% of K, and 50% of Ca was retained in the manure. In conclusion, feeding laying hens a diet containing 20% DDGS may be beneficial for the environment. Substitution for organic trace minerals did not affect hen performance or air emissions.     

DME发动机非常规排放物的检测与分析

用气相色谱仪和傅立叶红外光谱仪对燃用DME的ZS195柴油机的排气中的甲醛(HCHO)、甲酸甲酯(CHCOOCH3)、甲酸(HCOOH)非常规排放物进行了检测和分析。结果表明,DME发动机的尾气排放中,均检测到HCHO,HCOOCH3,HCOOH排放物,且甲醛是非常规排放物中的主要成分,甲醛、甲酸甲酯的排放量随转速上升而略有上升,随负荷增加而不同程度的减少,而甲酸排放量变化则不甚明显。     

醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放研究

通过对发动机排气管隔热保温,在JL368Q3型电喷汽油机上开展了醇类燃料发动机排气管保温降低醇醛排放的研究,采用气相色谱-氦离子化检测器(PDHID)快速检测方法检测发动机的醇醛排放。结果表明:与排气管保温前相比,排气管保温后醇排放降低,低负荷工况下(Tc850 K)醛排放变化不大,中高负荷工况下(Tc≥850 K)醛排放降低,醇醛排放降幅随排气温度升高而变大。排气管保温延长了排气在高温下的反应时间,有利于未燃醇、醛的快速氧化,转速为4 000 r/min、负荷高于21 N·m时(Tc≥900 K),排气管保温后未燃醇、醛排放降低70%以上。排气温度和高温下的氧化反应时间对醇醛的氧化影响较大。     

木本泥炭添加比例对猪粪堆肥腐熟度和污染及温室气体排放的影响

针对当前猪粪好氧堆肥过程中存在的腐熟度低、氮素损失严重、污染气体排放量大等问题,该研究以木本泥炭作为添加剂与猪粪进行联合堆肥,研究了不同木本泥炭添加量(添加比例依次为占物料湿基质量的5%、10%、15%和20%的4个处理)对猪粪好氧堆肥产品腐熟度和堆肥过程中CH4、NH3和H2S等污染气体排放变化的影响。结果表明:在猪粪堆肥中添加木本泥炭作为调理材料,堆体可成功启动升温,在第2~4天堆体可进入高温期,并持续7 d以上,达到无害化卫生标准;经28 d好氧堆肥以后,堆肥产品p H值为8.0左右,电导率值为1.47~1.82 m S/cm,发芽指数均大于80%,达到腐熟标准;木本泥炭添加量增加至15%以上时,有机质分解程度高,物料干质量降解率达22%左右,28 d堆体含水率下降35%左右,CH4、NH3和H2S排放量分别减少82.12%~89.48%、53.47%~63.31%、50.98%~62.76%,总温室气体排放当量减少70.34%~83.26%,堆体总氮损失减少率达44%~63%,保氮效果显著。因此,建议木本泥炭用作猪粪堆肥添加剂的最优添加量为15%~20%(以物料总湿重计)。     

外加可溶性碳氮对不同热量带土壤N2O排放的影响

在室内条件下研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤：黑土、潮褐土和红壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤N2O排放量从高到低分别为潮褐土（0．868、3．07μg·g^-1）,红壤（0．511、0．731μg·g^-1）,黑土（0．221、0．294μg·g^-1）,且添加可溶性碳显著促进了土壤N2O排放量。在黑土、潮褐土和红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后N2O排放量均表现为化肥＋有机肥土壤〉化肥土壤〉无肥土壤,且与无肥土壤相比,红壤的化肥土壤N2O排放量增加254％,潮褐土化肥土壤增加49．5％,黑土化肥土壤增加1．74％,说明在有效积温越高的土壤上长期施肥对土壤N2O损失的贡献越大。研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大。     

烟台市土地利用结构与能源消费碳排放关联测度

[目的]分析山东省烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联测度及其变化规律,为合理利用土地资源与低碳城市的建设提供科学建议。[方法]基于烟台市1986—2012年各区县的土地利用结构和能源消耗数据,采用碳排放量计算模型,测算出其能源消耗碳排放总量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量,并运用灰色关联分析法,测度烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联度。[结果]1 1986—2012年烟台市能源消费碳排放总量由3.05×106 t上升到1.494×107 t,增加了3.9倍;2 2012年烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放量、碳排放强度之间关联度最高的土地利用类型为园地,与人均碳排放量关联度最高的用地为交通运输用地;3烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗关联度较高的分别是园地(0.812 8)、城镇村及工矿用地(0.812 0)、水域及水利设施用地(0.805 9);4 1986—2012年烟台市各区县土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放关联度较大的地区依次是长岛县(0.980 4)、芝罘区(0.962 4)和莱山区(0.948 0)。[结论]烟台市土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放存在着密切的关联性,土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联度在空间上存在着差异性。     

Soil Moisture Controls the Denitrification Loss of Urea Nitrogen from Silty Clay Soil

Relative control of soil moisture [30, 60, and 80 percent water-holding capacity (WHC)] on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from Fargo-Ryan soil, treated with urea at 0, 150, and 250 kg N ha^?1 with and without nitrapyrin [2-chloro-(6-trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP), was measured under laboratory condition for 140 days. Soil N₂O emissions significantly increased with increasing nitrogen (N) rates and WHC levels. Urea applied at 250 kg N ha^?1 produced the greatest cumulative N₂O emissions and averaged 560, 3919, and 15894 µg kg^?1 at 30, 60, and 80 percent WHC, respectively. At WHC ≤ 60 percent, addition of NP to urea significantly reduced N₂O losses by 2.6- to 4.8-fold. Additions of NP to urea reduced N₂O emission at rates similar to the control (0 N) until 48 days for 30 percent WHC and 35 days for 60 and 80 percent WHC. These results can help devise urea-N fertilizer management strategies in reducing N₂O emissions from silty-clay soils.     

城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的影响研究北大核心CSCD

发挥城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的抑制作用,对促进农村绿色低碳转型以及助力农业农村现代化具有重要的现实意义。本文基于城乡融合发展理论,利用2005—2020年30个省(市、区)面板数据,采用经典面板模型分析城乡融合对农业碳排放强度的影响,并探讨了其作用机制和异质性。结果表明,全国和三大区域(东、中、西部地区)的城乡融合发展水平呈持续上升趋势,而农业碳排放强度则呈显著下降趋势,两者之间的波动趋势呈相反态势。城乡融合对农业碳排放强度具有显著的负向影响。基于地理区位和粮食生产地区分析,城乡融合对东部地区和粮食主产区的农业碳排放强度抑制作用更为明显;城乡融合通过提高农业技术进步和农业规模化经营来抑制农业碳排放强度。为此,积极推动精准的城乡融合政策,加强农业技术进步和农业规模化经营,重视城乡融合减排效应的差异性,是实现降低农业碳排放强度的关键方向。     

Water and Energy Consumption by Agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region

Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socio- economic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO 2 e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.     

区域工业发展与碳排放的脱钩关系分析——基于2006~2013年湖南的实际情况

根据湖南省“十一五”以来（2006~2013年）的工业发展和碳排放情况,分析湖南工业发展与碳排放之间的脱钩弹性、节能弹性、减排弹性,结果表明：湖南工业行业发展的过程中,较好地控制了碳排放量,但节能减排任务依然较大。因此,新常态下应以“节能、减排”为主线,深入优化产业结构,调整能源消费结构,从而确保工业可持续发展的同时,实现碳排放的合理控制。