Analytical Studies on Lead Pollution in Roadside Soil Samples of Raipur and Bhilai,Chhattisgarh State,India

Abstract

Although lead in gasoline represents only 2.2% of total global lead use, this fuel remains by far the single largest source of this heavy metal in urban areas. In developing countries like India approximately 90% of all lead emissions into the atmosphere are due to the use of leaded gasoline. In many countries in Southeast Asia, unleaded gasoline is scarce, and the maximum allowed lead content might reach or exceed 0.8 ppm per liter. Emissions from the metallurgical operations and the waste incineration are also responsible for the rising levels of lead in the environment. Battery recycling, lead‐glazed pottery, and lead pigments industries are other sources of lead in the environment. In the present work, lead pollution in soil samples from Raipur (capital city) and Bhilai, Chhattisgarh State, India, has been investigated. The lead concentration in the surface soil of Raipur and Bhilai was found in the range of 7.2–84.0 and 9.5–79.7 ppm, respectively. The seasonal and temporal variations in the concentration of metal, its distribution pattern, and trend are discussed as well as the mobility, deposition, and sources of lead in the area. The enrichment factor of lead in the urban soil was found to be very high, depending on the nature of sources.     

The impacts of roadside vegetation barriers on the dispersion of gaseous traffic pollution in urban street canyons

Vegetation barriers have been widely applied along urban streets to improve roadside air quality. For a deep investigation of their influences, field measurements and numerical simulations are performed in this study. Carbon monoxide (CO) is selected as a representative of gaseous traffic emissions for both field observations and numerical models. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models of the standard k-ε turbulent model and Eulerian approach for species transport are solved by FLUENT solver. Results obtained from numerical simulations show a good agreement with field observations on the distribution of roadside CO. In perpendicular wind conditions, both field observations and numerical simulations present a prominent CO reduction over the slow lanes (footpath and bikeway) when vegetation barriers exist. To effectively mitigate roadside air pollution, numerical simulations also provide the optimal heights for roadside vegetation barriers in the given street canyons. For street canyons with an aspect ratio (the ratio of building height to street width) ranging from 0.3 to 1.67, 1.1 m can be used as an optimal height, and 2.0 m could serve as an alternative if tall vegetation barriers are considered. For street canyons with an aspect ratio of lower than 0.3, 0.9 m to 2.5 m can be considered as the optimal heights for roadside vegetation barriers. According to sensitivity analysis, the optimal heights for vegetation barriers are largely insensitive to wind velocities in the given street canyons. In the more complicated urban street canyons and complex meteorological conditions, the optimal heights can be determined by specific numerical simulations. These findings are expected to provide important insights into alleviation of gaseous mobile emissions in terms of vegetation barrier design in urban streets.     

Carbon emissions due to land-use change and logging in Cambodia: a modeling approach

Land-use change and forestry in the tropics have caused huge carbon emissions to the atmosphere. The magnitude of these emissions, however, remains debatable. Therefore, there is a need to further develop appropriate methods that would reduce the estimation uncertainties. From a modeling perspective, this report is aimed at estimating carbon emissions from deforestation and logging activities in Cambodia just after it opened its door to the world. Recently available land-use and forest inventory data were used to develop simple models capable of estimating the change of carbon stocks in, and carbon emissions from, dryland and edaphic forests. This study estimated the annual deforestation rate to be 0.1 million ha between 1973 and 2003, or about 0.7%. Between 1993 and 2003, annual carbon emissions amounted to about 13.7 TgC, owing to deforestation and logging. The emissions calculated here are higher than those reported by the Cambodian government, which claimed that Cambodia was once a net sink of carbon. The models developed in this study will be a useful tool for further study of carbon emissions in tropical countries where selective logging is practiced. Part of this article was presented at the International Symposium on the Role of Forests for Coming Generations: Philosophy and Technology for Forest Resource Management, October 2004, Utsunomiya, Japan     

应用生物炭改良土壤限制因素：挑战与对策

Biochar addition to soil is currently being considered as a means to sequester carbon while simultaneously improving soil health, soil fertility and agronomic benefits. The focus of this special issue is on current research on the effects of biochar application to soil for overcoming diverse soil constraints and recommending further research relating to biochar application to soil. The biochar research has progressed considerably with important key findings on agronomic benefits, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, soil acidity, soil fertility, soil health, soil salinity, {\it etc.}, but more research is required before definitive recommendations can be made to end-users regarding the effects of biochar application across a range of soils, climates and land management practices     

机动车辆排气污染物评价模型、设限方法研究概述

通过对比国内外已有的机动车污染物排放评价模型,分析国内外研究成果,以机动车为主要研究对象,为选择并确定适合我国国情的机动车排放污染物总量控制模型组提供参考。     

Soil carbon sequestration in China through agricultural intensification,and restoration of degraded and desertified ecosystems

The industrial emission of carbon (C) in China in 2000 was about 1 Pg yr⁻¹, which may surpass that of the United States (1ċ84 Pg C) by 2020. China's large land area, similar in size to that of the United States, comprises 124 Mha of cropland, 400 Mha of grazing land and 134 Mha of forestland. Terrestrial C pool of China comprises about 35–60 Pg in the forest and 120–186 Pg in soils. Soil degradation is a major issue affecting 145 Mha by different degradative processes, of which 126 Mha are prone to accelerated soil erosion. Total annual loss by erosion is estimated at 5ċ5 Pg of soil and 15ċ9 Tg of soil organic carbon (SOC). Erosion‐induced emission of C into the atmosphere may be 32–64 Tg yr⁻¹. The SOC pool progressively declined from the 1930s to 1980s in soils of northern China and slightly increased in those of southern China because of change in land use. Management practices that lead to depletion of the SOC stock are cultivation of upland soils, negative nutrient balance in cropland, residue removal, and soil degradation by accelerated soil erosion and salinization and the like. Agricultural practices that enhance the SOC stock include conversion of upland to rice paddies, integrated nutrient management based on liberal use of biosolids and compost, crop rotations that return large quantities of biomass, and conservation‐effective systems. Adoption of recommended management practices can increase SOC concentration in puddled soil, red soil, loess soils, and salt‐affected soils. In addition, soil restoration has a potential to sequester SOC. Total potential of soil C sequestration in China is 105–198 Tg C yr⁻¹ of SOC and 7–138 Tg C yr⁻¹ for soil inorganic carbon (SIC). The accumulative potential of soil C sequestration of 11 Pg at an average rate of 224 Tg yr⁻¹ may be realized by 2050. Soil C sequestration potential can offset about 20 per cent of the annual industrial emissions in China. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深圳市土地利用碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线协整分析

中国城市化和工业化进程极为剧烈,由此带来的土地利用变化与能源消费碳排放效应将是影响我国实现碳减排目标的关键因素,研究土地利用和能源消费碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线,能预判碳排放拐点出现的时间,揭示经济发展与碳排放之间的动态关系.以深圳市为典型案例,利用1979-2010年的土地利用变化和能源消费碳排放数据,借助CKC简化模型分别构建了深圳市土地利用和能源消费碳排放总量、人均碳排放量的CKC模型,基于单位根和协整Engle-Granger检验对深圳市土地利用和能源消费碳排放CKC曲线进行了探析.结果表明:深圳市经济增长分别与土地利用碳排放和能源消费碳排放量成正相关,并存在长期稳定的均衡关系.GDP分别和土地利用碳排放、能源消费碳排放存在单向因果关系,深圳市存在人均土地利用和人均能源消费CKC,到达拐点的人均GDP分别为28708.60元和59604.89元.研究结果有利于了解未来碳排放态势,从而为相应的减排政策的制定提供依据.     

Quantification of priming and CO2 emission sources following the application of different slurry particle size fractions to a grassland soil

The highest emissions of CO₂ from soils and most pronounced priming effect (PE) from soils generally occur immediately after slurry application. However, the influence of different particle size slurry fractions on net soil C respiration dynamics and PE has not been studied. Therefore, a slurry separation technique based on particle sizes was used in the present study. Six distinct fractions (>2000, 425-2000, 250-425, 150-250, 45-150, <45 μm) were generated from two dairy slurries (one from cows fed a predominantly maize silage diet and the other from cows fed a grass silage diet) were applied to soil. During the first days of the 332 days experiment, all slurry fraction amendments significantly increased soil CO₂ effluxes (by 2-8 times) compared to the non-amended control. The increased CO₂ emission rates had a negative relationship with slurry particle size, but its duration was positively correlated with slurry particle size. The percentage of the cumulative CO₂ emitted was only higher in the first 8 days in the finest slurry particle sizes (<150 μm). The proportion of slurry-derived C emitted as CO₂ 2 h after addition to soil varied between 29% and 100% of total emitted CO₂-C. Generally, the proportion of slurry-derived C emitted initially decreased rapidly in the <250 μm fractions, but decreased more slowly or even increased in the >250 μm fractions. The overall contribution of slurry C to total CO₂ emissions was higher in smaller slurry particle size treatments in the first days after application. The addition of the various slurry fractions to soil caused both significant positive and negative PEs on the soil organic matter mineralization. The timing and type (positive or negative) of PE depended on the slurry particle size. Clearly, farm based separation pre-treatment leading to two or more fractions with different particle sizes has also the potential to reduce or modify short-term CO₂ emissions immediately after slurry application to soil.     

Life cycle assessment of high- and low-profitability commodity and deep-bedded niche swine production systems in the Upper Midwestern United States

We used ISO-compliant life cycle assessment to evaluate the comparative environmental performance of high- and low-profitability commodity and deep-bedded niche swine production systems in the Upper Midwestern United States. Specifically, we evaluated the contributions of feed production, in-barn energy use, manure management, and piglet production to farm-gate life cycle energy use, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas (GHG) and eutrophying emissions per animal produced and per live-weight kg. We found that commodity systems generally outperform deep-bedded niche systems for these criteria, but that significant overlap occurs in the range of impacts characteristic of high- and low-profitability production between systems. Given the non-optimized status of current deep-bedded niche relative to commodity production, we suggest that optimizing niche systems through improvements in feed and sow herd efficiency holds significant environmental performance improvement potential. Drivers of impacts differed between commodity and deep-bedded niche systems. Feed production was the key consideration in both, but proportionally more important in niche production due to lower feed use efficiencies. Liquid manure management in commodity production strongly influenced GHG emissions, whereas solid manure management increased eutrophication potential due to outdoor storage in deep-bedded niche production. We further observe an interesting but highly imperfect relationship between economic and environmental performance measures, where profitability tracks well with resource (in particular, feed) throughput, but only indirectly with emissions intensity.     

中国农业碳排放研究的现状、热点与趋势

【目的 】中国农业正处于绿色转型与高质量发展的关键阶段,理清农业碳排放的研究现状、热点及趋势,有利于拓展该研究领域的深度与广度,进而为促进中国农业碳减排提供参考和依据。【方法 】文章基于中国知网数据库,以2008—2023年收录的297篇复合影响因子大于3.0的高水平期刊论文为基础数据,运用CiteSpace6.2.R4软件对文献进行发文量统计、共现分析、聚类分析、突现词分析、时间线图谱分析,以期发掘中国农业碳排放领域的研究现状、研究热点及其演进趋势。【结果 】中国农业碳排放研究年发文量经历了快速增长、稳定发展、再次升温并保持较高热潮3个阶段;高产发文作者呈现“整体分散、局部聚集”的状态,发文机构整体上多独立开展研究;核心关键词是碳排放、低碳农业、中国、影响因素等;2013—2021年每年都有新的关键词首次突现。【结论 】当前研究热点可以归纳为农业碳排放研究、低碳农业、农地流转对碳排放的影响、农业碳排放回弹效应、农业碳排放与农业经济关系研究五大类;呈现研究热度梯度式上升、研究主题持续更新、研究方法逐渐增多等趋势;未来在固碳减排对粮食安全的影响、农业碳排放全产业链研究、农业碳排放中小区域...