OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能

 骨是一个代谢活跃的器官,在整个生命周期中都在进行不断的更新与重建。在骨形态发生和重建的过程中主要受到细胞因子和激素的调节,同时骨代谢也受到OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的调控。论文主要对骨骼生理结构与骨组织细胞之间的关系,骨代谢和骨的形成过程,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的影响因子以及骨代谢紊乱所引起的疾病几个方面作一综述。     

河南省农业碳排放时空分异、影响因素及趋势预测

[目的]研究河南省农业碳排放时空演化特征及驱动机制,预测未来10 a农业碳排放变化趋势,以期制定农业固碳减排方案,促进农业低碳绿色转型。[方法]基于碳排放公平性评价模型、地理探测器及GM(1,1)模型,分析河南省农业碳排放的时空演化特征、驱动因素及发展趋势。[结果](1)研究期内河南省农业净碳排放量呈逐年减少趋势,且表现为西南高、东北低的特征。碳源方面,畜牧业碳排放占据较大比例,且以牛、羊、猪碳排放为主。碳汇方面,小麦、玉米和蔬菜对碳吸收的贡献较大。(2)农业碳排放生态承载系数呈北部、南部高,西部低的格局,经济贡献系数呈东南高,西南低的特征。(3)农业从业人口、农村居民人均可支配收入、农业机械总动力、财政教育支出是农业碳排放空间分异的关键因素,且各因子交互作用较强。(4)2021—2030年河南省农业净碳排放量持续下降,预计全省在2029年可实现农业碳中和目标。[结论]未来应加强科普宣传,积极推广低碳农业生产技术,提高农业资源综合利用效率。同时,各地应注重系统整合,加强区域协作,实现农业碳减排区域一体化。     

2000-2020年河南省土地利用强度与碳排放脱钩关系

[目的] 测度土地利用碳排放效应,探索土地利用与碳排放之间的脱钩关系,进而揭示土地利用变化的碳排放规律,为制定资源保护和生态文明政策提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国农业典型生产中心地区、中国人口大省——河南省为研究区域,基于近20 a间土地利用现状遥感监测数据,从县域尺度研究土地利用碳排放和土地利用强度的时空格局演变特征,并借助于脱钩分析的理论框架来检测它们之间的脱钩关系。[结果] ①在研究期间,碳排放呈现出明显的空间异质性。豫中地区、豫北地区碳排放水平明显高于其他区域;平原地区和大城市周边地区的碳排放明显高于山区和丘陵地区。②研究期间土地利用强度持续增加,豫中地区土地利用强度明显高于豫南地区,而豫北地区土地利用强度分布表现出明显的空间集聚现象。③研究期间土地利用强度和碳排放二者的主要关系类型为扩张负脱钩和强脱钩,需要从资源高消耗、高碳排放的双高模式不断向资源低消耗、低碳排放的低碳发展模式转变。[结论] 不同阶段、不同地区在土地利用强度与碳排放之间的脱钩关系程度方面有着明显差异,应采用差异性管控政策,促进生态环境保护和经济发展之间形成协调稳定的发展关系。     

云南省土地利用碳排放时空演变特征及影响因素

[目的] 研究云南省土地利用碳排放的时空变化规律及其影响因素,为云南省优化土地利用结构,实现低碳发展目标提供理论依据。[方法] 基于云南省2005,2010,2015,2020年4期土地利用和化石能源消费数据,对全省碳排放效应进行测算,运用空间可视化和空间自相关研究云南省2005—2020年的碳排放时空变化规律和空间集聚特征,利用地理探测器对其影响因素进行分析。[结果] ①2005—2020年云南省建设用地增幅最大,动态变化度达7.90%。②区域净碳排放快速增加,年增长6.5%;碳排放空间特征为“中间高、四周低”;碳足迹在研究期内增长明显,碳生态承载力较为稳定,导致碳生态赤字日益升高。③人口规模、经济水平、产业结构、土地利用等促进了云南省各地州市碳排放的增加。[结论] 应保护或合理增加云南省林地等碳汇地类的面积并加强其动态监测;控制建设用地面积和能源消费总量;探索碳补偿机制并发挥碳汇地区的辐射效应。     

Studying the function of ecosystem in preventing aeolian dust emission in the dryland areas of China

Aeolian dust emissions can cause many environmental hazards, like accelerating land degradation and desertification, polluting air, harming human health, and so on. The dryland areas of China (DAC) are hot spots of aeolian dust emissions. To date, many efforts have been paid to researching dust emissions processes and effects, but research studies on ecosystems' function in preventing dust emissions are still very limited. In this study, we investigated the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions, and the corresponding driving factors through integrated wind erosion modelling system (IWEMS) modelling. The main results indicate that: (1) from 2001 to 2020, the ecosystems of DAC prevented the emission of dust ~40,554 Tg, approximately 15 times as much as the total actual dust emission (~2776 Tg); (2) the function of DAC ecosystems in preventing dust emissions was relatively strong in spring and winter; (3) grassland ecosystems had the strongest function in preventing dust emissions among all the land cover types, avoiding the emission of dust ~20,857 Tg over 2001–2020; (4) dust emission prevention function provided by the DAC ecosystems benefits almost every region of China, which provides a theoretical basis for formulating ecological compensation policies; and (5) the changes in dust emissions were dominated by wind speed in most areas of DAC.     

Effects of fuel injection and intake parameters on low temperature combustion

The effects of fuel injection and intake parameters on low temperature combustion are investigated using CFD modeling in the present study. With the increase of injection pressure or decrease of nozzle hole diameter:the maximum in-cylinder pressure and temperature increase. Heat release from premixed combustion increases at the same oxygen concentration and oxygen concentration that obvious premixed combustion appears increases. As to emissions, soot emission decreases because of the improvement of mixing of fuel and air and NOx emission increases because the increase of local temperature in the cylinder. With the increase of intake pressure:the maximum cylinder pressure increases but the maximum cylinder temperature decreases. The ignition timing advances at the same oxygen concentration. The combustion efficiency increases. As to emissions, both soot and NOx emissions decrease.     

Chapter 12. A Wildfire and Emissions Policy Model for the Boise National Forest

Summary

We utilized the Boise National Forest's Hazard/Risk model, along with fire history records and fire behavior models, to estimate the current and anticipated levels of large wildfires and associated greenhouse gas and particulate emissions based on the forest condition and wildfire regime on the BNF. The model indicated that the forests at greatest risk of large, intense wildfires are the dense pondero-sa pine-Douglas-fir forests that make up over 1.1 million acres on the forest. We conclude that without an aggressive treatment program to reduce large areas of contiguous heavy fuel loadings the forest will be burned at an annual average rate of about 7.5% of the remaining at-risk forest. Using recent fire data to develop average patterns of intensity in wildfires within this forest type, we estimate that emissions will average around 1 million tons of carbon (C) per year over the next 20 years as the bulk of the ponderosa pine forests are burned. An aggressive treatment program featuring the removal of fuels where necessary, and prescribed fire as a means of re-introducing fire to these ecosystems, would result in a 30-50 percent reduction in the average annual wildfire experienced in the dense ponderosa pine forests, a 14-35% decrease in the average annual C emissions, and a 10-31% decrease in particulate emissions. We argue that the most effective way to curb emissions is with an aggressive treatment program linked to a landscape-based ecosystem management plan. This would have the effect of breaking up large contiguous landscape patterns so that fires become more patchy and diverse in their environmental impact, resulting in significantly reduced emissions as well as improved landscape diversity.     

Impacts of intensification of pastoral agriculture on soils: Current and emerging challenges and implications for future land uses

Abstract

AIM: To find evidence for localisation in the uterus, and fetal infection, of Leptospira spp. in farmed deer in the lower North Island of New Zealand during and shortly after the breeding season.

METHODS: Between February and July 2008, 116 blood samples, 120 kidneys, 120 uteri and 27 fetuses were collected from 120 mixed-age hinds from lines from nine farms, at a deer slaughter premises. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis and Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). For both serovars, a titre of >1:48 was considered positive. Samples from kidneys, uteri and fetal tissue were subjected to bacterial culture, using Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium, and real-time PCR, using DNA gyrase subunit B gene primers.

RESULTS: Thirty-four of 116 (29.3%) serum samples were positive for serovar Hardjo-bovis, and 13 (11.2%) for serovar Pomona. Seven of 120 kidneys were positive for serovar Hardjo-bovis by culture, and five of these, but no others, were positive by real-time PCR. Of 120 uteri, none was culture- or PCR-positive. None of 27 fetal samples was culture-positive but one was positive by real-time PCR. The dam of the PCR-positive fetus was culture-negative from the kidney, but had an MAT titre of 1:192 for Hardjo-bovis.

CONCLUSIONS: Attempts to isolate Leptospira spp. from the genital tracts and early fetuses of farmed deer were unsuccessful. However, molecular evidence suggested fetal infection in one case. This finding justifies further study of the role of leptospires in the genital tract and fetus and its association with reproductive loss in farmed deer.     

Effects of intensification of pastoral farming on greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand

Abstract

AIMS: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the herd and cow-level prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) in dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand, and to identify whether there was any spatial clustering of herds with the disease.

METHODS: A survey of 224 dairy farms in the northern Taranaki region of New Zealand was undertaken from September 2014 to February 2015. Following training in robust criteria to confirm BDD visually, a technician inspected the rear feet of every milking cow on the farms during milking. The identity of cows with lesions and the feet involved were recorded. The proportion of cows affected among the inspected population (cow-level prevalence), the proportion of a herd affected (farm-level prevalence), and proportion of farms with ≥1 cow with lesions, were calculated. A bivariate K function analysis was then used to assess whether farms with ≥1 cow with lesions were clustered, after accounting for the distribution of the farms involved in the study.

RESULTS: Bovine digital dermatitis lesions were observed on 143/224 (63.8 (95% CI=57.5–70.1)%) farms. Within-farm prevalence was 0% on 81 (36.2%) farms, between >0 and <3% on 120 (53.5%) farms, with a maximum prevalence of 12.7% on one farm. Overall, cow-level prevalence was 707/60,455 (1.2 (95% CI=0.9–3.0)%), and on affected farms was 707/41,116 (1.7 (95% CI=1.4–2.1)%). In affected cows, 268/707 (37.9%) had a lesion on left foot only, 262/707 (37.1%) on the right foot only and 177/707 (25.0%) on both feet. The K function analysis showed no evidence of clustering of farms with BDD.

CONCLUSIONS: Bovine digital dermatitis was widespread among the survey farms, but there was no evidence that there was any clustering of herds with BDD. The cow-level prevalence on affected farms was much lower than reported elsewhere.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the prevalence at the cow level was low, if these data are representative of other regions of New Zealand, BDD could easily become a major problem on dairy farms in New Zealand, as has been observed in other countries.     

河北省二氧化碳排放驱动因素研究——基于STIRPAT模型

首次以河北省为研究对象,基于扩展的STIRPAT模型,应用岭回归分析,对1980~2011年二氧化碳排放驱动因素进行研究,然后结合河北省产业布局和特点,提出碳减排政策建议。结果表明,经济增长是二氧化碳排放量增多的决定性因素;城市化水平、能源强度和人口规模是重要因素;第三产业比重、第二产业比重和能源消费结构对碳排放影响不显著。