活性炭吸附汽油机冷起动HC排放的实验

为控制汽油机的冷起动HC排放,开发了一个活性炭吸附器,用于吸附车用汽油机冷起动阶段排放的HC。吸附材料采用煤质蜂窝状定型活性炭块,吸附器外表面用薄钢板焊接封装,整个吸附器串接在排气管上。进行汽油机冷起动排放实验,测量起动后200s内的HC排放量,实验结果表明,在冷却水温度为20U、40℃、60℃和85℃时,活性炭吸附器对HC的吸附率分别达到86．64％、70．34％、79．69％、77．45％。     

安全环保型蛋鸡饲料配方的筛选与应用

在优化出海兰灰蛋鸡氨基酸模型的基础上,确立了日粮低蛋白水平15%、14%的试验;集成和优化了蛋鸡安全环保型日粮的配方和添加剂组合(包括复合酶、植酸酶、益生素、果寡糖、除臭灵等),开发出了产蛋鸡安全环保1%预混合饲料,使用该环保添加剂,在生产性能不降低的前提下,可使蛋鸡粪便氮、磷排出量分别降低;同时蛋壳质量和鸡蛋品质得到改善。     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

外加可溶性碳氮对不同热量带土壤N2O排放的影响

在室内条件下研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤：黑土、潮褐土和红壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤N2O排放量从高到低分别为潮褐土（0．868、3．07μg·g^-1）,红壤（0．511、0．731μg·g^-1）,黑土（0．221、0．294μg·g^-1）,且添加可溶性碳显著促进了土壤N2O排放量。在黑土、潮褐土和红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后N2O排放量均表现为化肥＋有机肥土壤〉化肥土壤〉无肥土壤,且与无肥土壤相比,红壤的化肥土壤N2O排放量增加254％,潮褐土化肥土壤增加49．5％,黑土化肥土壤增加1．74％,说明在有效积温越高的土壤上长期施肥对土壤N2O损失的贡献越大。研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大。     

中国畜牧业碳排放的时空演进及其影响因素分析

为探究“双碳”目标下畜牧业的低碳发展问题,测算了中国31省(市、自治区)畜牧业碳排放量(统计数据未含港、澳、台地区,下同),并借助核密度估计和LMDI分解模型分析其时空动态演进和影响因素。结果表明：1)中国畜牧业碳排放总量呈先上升后下降态势,碳排放强度呈下降态势且省际差距大幅缩小。2)强度效应对畜牧业碳排放的抑制作用最为明显,演变趋势呈现“强-稳定-强”抑制水平;农业结构效应呈现由促进作用转为抑制作用的变化特征;产业结构效应的抑制作用仅次于强度效应;经济效应的促进作用最大,其演变趋势呈现倒“U”;人口规模效应的促进作用较小。3)全国畜禽养殖及其主要种类碳排放量的影响因素存在地区差异。牧区的肉牛、肉羊以及东北地区生猪强度效应和产业结构效应的抑制作用不足削减经济效应带来的促进作用,促进了其碳排放的增加。因此,政府需积极引导养殖户进行清洁生产,加大对畜牧龙头企业在品种改良、饲料配比优化方面的科研投入,因地制宜的推进畜禽低碳养殖发展。     

余热和菌剂对垃圾堆肥效率及温室气体减排的影响

为探讨生活垃圾堆肥过程中同时添加外源菌剂和使用循环热风对缩短堆肥周期的影响,该文以15～80 mm生活垃圾为原料,设置了无添加菌剂和无余热回用堆肥（对照）与添加菌剂和余热回用堆肥（处理）强制通风隧道发酵仓对比试验。结果表明：菌剂和余热利用后堆肥高温达到55℃的时间缩短了1～2 d,高温堆肥时间7 d,堆肥周期缩短为27 d;按600 t/d处理规模计算,菌剂和余热利用处理全年的温室气体比对照少排10 150.65 t（ 以CO2计）;日进仓数由3个增加到4个,处理能力可以提高到800 t/d。菌剂和余热利     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

This paper evaluates the resource and energy requirements of six different types of land-based, hatchery production systems located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: flow-through with a gravity water supply, flow-through with a pumped water supply, flow-through with pure oxygen, partial reuse system, partial reuse with heating, and a reuse system for the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Key parameters used in the evaluation include direct energy, indirect energy, transportation energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollutant discharges.Power (electricity and natural gas) and feed energy accounted for the majority of the required energy for all the rearing option evaluated. The sum of the fixed capital and chemicals components accounted for less than 2–12% of the total energy budget for any rearing option. The energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of the six options ranges from 0.97% for flow-through with pumped supply to 3.49% for the flow-through with gravity supply. The rearing options with the three highest energy efficiencies were flow-through with gravity supply (3.49%), partial reuse (2.75%), and reuse (2.64%).On a kg of smolt produced basis, the six rearing options showed a wide range in performance. The reuse system had the lowest water (2 m³ kg^− 1) and land (0.13 m² kg^− 1) requirements and the third lowest total energy requirement (288 MJ kg^− 1). The partial reuse system had the second lowest total power requirement (276 MJ kg^− 1), a low land requirement (0.21 m² kg^− 1), and moderate water requirements (33 m³ kg^− 1). The partial reuse with temperature control had the second highest total power requirement (657 MJ kg^− 1) and land and water requirements similar to the partial reuse system without temperature control. The flow-through system with pumped water supply had the highest water (289 m³ kg^− 1), land (2.19 m² kg^− 1), and energy requirements (786 MJ kg^− 1) of any of the rearing options. By comparison, the flow-through system with gravity water supply had the lowest energy requirement (218 MJ kg^− 1), a moderate land requirement (0.78 m² kg^− 1), and a high water requirement (214 m³ kg^− 1). The ranking of the six rearing options based capital and operating costs are likely to be quite different from those based on energy, water, and greenhouse gas emissions.     

小麦秸秆生物质炭添加对第四纪红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

生物质炭具有含碳量高、吸附性强、不易分解等特点,农田施用生物质炭被认为是一种新型的土壤固碳和温室气体减排措施。本研究以第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤为对象,添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、0.5%、1%、2%和2.5%w/w),以不添加生物质炭处理为对照,在25℃恒温,保持田间持水量稳定的条件下,进行60 d的室内培养,通过测定培养期间土壤CO_2和N_2O排放与相关土壤性质,分析其动态变化,探讨生物质炭添加对红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响及其机制。结果表明,生物质炭添加极显著的影响CO_2和N_2O排放(P0.01)。在培养期的前15 d,尤其是前2 d,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2排放,且随着添加量的增加而增加,这与生物质炭本身含有的可溶性有机碳分解和无机碳释放有关。与CO_2排放相反,在培养期的前10 d,生物质炭添加较对照降低了N_2O排放。这是由于生物质炭吸附土壤中的NH4+-N,降低了硝化过程产生的N_2O排放所致。在培养期的15~60 d,与对照相比,各生物质炭处理均显著降低了CO_2的排放(P0.05),降幅达8.2%~18.4%。培养10 d之后,与对照相比,生物质炭增加了土壤N_2O排放。从整个培养期来看,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2(0.5%生物质炭处理显著降低,P0.05)和N_2O排放,增幅分别为-6.3%~18.7%和16.9%~58.5%。研究表明,在室内培养条件下小麦秸秆生物质炭添加促进了第四纪红壤的CO_2和N_2O排放,该结果可以为田间条件下应用生物质炭作为减排措施提供参考。