外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。     

Decreasing of methanogenic activity in paddy fields via lowering ponding water temperature: A modeling investigation

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH₄ fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH₄ production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH₄ emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH₄ emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH₄ emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH₄ emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH₄ emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments.     

区域工业发展与碳排放的脱钩关系分析——基于2006~2013年湖南的实际情况

根据湖南省“十一五”以来（2006~2013年）的工业发展和碳排放情况，分析湖南工业发展与碳排放之间的脱钩弹性、节能弹性、减排弹性，结果表明：湖南工业行业发展的过程中，较好地控制了碳排放量，但节能减排任务依然较大。因此，新常态下应以“节能、减排”为主线，深入优化产业结构，调整能源消费结构，从而确保工业可持续发展的同时，实现碳排放的合理控制。     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

Effects of cover crop growth and decomposition on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and soil microbial carbon dynamics

Although the effects of cover crops (CC) on various soil parameters have been fully investigated, less is known about the impacts at different stages in CC cultivation. The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of CC cultivation stages and residue placement on aggregates and microbial carbon (C_mic). Additionally, the influence of residue location and crop species on CO₂ emissions and leached mineralized nitrogen (N_min) during the plant degradation period was also investigated. Within an incubation experiment, four CC species were sown in soil columns, with additional columns being kept plant‐free. After plant growth, the columns were frozen (as occurs in winter under field conditions) and then incubated with the plant material either incorporated or surface‐applied. With CC, concentrations of large and medium macroaggregates were twice that of the fallow, confirming positive effects of root growth. Freezing led to a decrease in these aggregate size classes. In the subsequent incubation, the large macroaggregates decreased far more in the samples with CC than in the fallow, leading to similar aggregate size distributions. No difference in C_mic concentration was found among the CC cultivation stages. CO₂ emissions were roughly equivalent to the carbon amounts added as plant residues. Comparison of columns with incorporated or surface‐applied residues indicated no consistent pattern of aggregate distribution, CO₂ emission or C_mic and N_min concentrations. Our results suggest that positive effects of CC cultivation are only short term and that a large amount of organic material in the soil could have a greater influence than CC cultivation.     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

活性炭吸附汽油机冷起动HC排放的实验

为控制汽油机的冷起动HC排放，开发了一个活性炭吸附器，用于吸附车用汽油机冷起动阶段排放的HC。吸附材料采用煤质蜂窝状定型活性炭块，吸附器外表面用薄钢板焊接封装，整个吸附器串接在排气管上。进行汽油机冷起动排放实验，测量起动后200s内的HC排放量，实验结果表明，在冷却水温度为20U、40℃、60℃和85℃时，活性炭吸附器对HC的吸附率分别达到86．64％、70．34％、79．69％、77．45％。     

绿色低碳视域下长江经济带耕地生态外溢价值评估及时空变化分析

为推进长江经济带耕地保护和绿色低碳发展,利用当量因子法、环境成本法等测算耕地生态服务价值和负外部性价值,结合耕地生态足迹和生态承载力,将长江经济带11省（直辖市）划分为盈余区、平衡区与赤字区,对耕地生态外溢价值进行评估,并分析时空变化特征。结果显示：（1）2011-2021年长江经济带耕地生态价值总量呈上升趋势,由3 670.37亿元上涨至4 661.55亿元,耕地生态外溢价值缓慢上升,由1 353.82亿元上涨至1 970.77亿元。（2）长江经济带耕地资源整体处于盈余状态,耕地生态价值总体呈现出“东低西高”的态势,四川省耕地生态价值和盈余量最高,上海市耕地生态价值最低。（3）2011-2021年间,浙江省和上海市处于耕地生态赤字区,四川省处于耕地生态高盈余区,重庆市和贵州省处于耕地生态平衡状态,江西省、安徽省和江苏省耕地生态盈亏无显著变化,云南省和湖北省耕地生态盈余水平有所上升,湖南省耕地生态盈余水平有所下降。基于此,长江经济带各省（直辖市）应充分利用自身资源和优势,制定和实施适应性的耕地保护策略,推动耕地资源的可持续利用,为实现长江经济带的生态优先、绿色低碳发展目标做出贡献。     

我国典型茶区化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算

基于相关统计数据和文献调研方法,估算了我国14个典型茶区中化学氮肥施用、生产及运输过程中的温室气体排放量。结果表明,化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N₂O直接排放和生产过程中的温室气体排放是茶园化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体主要排放源;14个典型茶区消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量(以CO₂排放当量计算)为16.81~344.80万t·a^-1,其中贵州、云南、湖北和四川4省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量较高,均超过200万t·a^-1,占全部区域温室气体排放量的59.98%;单位面积温室气体排放量为3.22~9.76 t·hm^-2·a^-1,单位产量温室气体排放量为2.10~12.96 t·t^-1·a^-1、单位产值温室气体排放量0.39~1.90 t·万元^-1·a^-1;总体而言,贵州、云南、湖北、湖南和四川5省的茶园消费的化学氮肥带来的温室气体排放量、单位面积温室气体排放量、单位产量温室气体排放量和单位产值温室气体排放量较高,福建、河南省及重庆市3个茶区相对较低。在茶园化学氮肥施用量控制为300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2两种情景下,茶园生态系统温室气体减排总量为617.07万t·a^-1和228.94万t·a^-1,减排潜力为34.12%和12.66%,减排潜力较大的区域主要有湖北、四川、贵州、湖南和江西等5省。     

生鲜肉类食品供应链碳排放测算及动态优化研究

以生鲜肉类食品供应链作为研究对象,基于生命周期理论界定生鲜肉类食品供应链碳排放的系统边界,并结合系统动力学方法建立生鲜肉类食品供应链的系统动力学模型,探讨肉类食品供应链的碳排放问题。研究结果表明:1)1t生鲜肉在其生命周期内产生的碳排放为166.97kg,其中生产、运输、仓储和销售环节中碳排放分别占总供应链的28.68%、52.37%、8.90%和10.04%,运输环节对全供应链的碳排放贡献率最高。2)动态优化研究发现,运输环节改变长途运输方式、生产环节废弃物回收利用及优化生产设备效率、销售环节降低设备功率取得的碳排放优化效果最佳,在2018年供应链碳排放分别降低了41.10%、4.70%、1.61%和1.25%。3)目前优化运输能源结构、开发可再生的清洁能源已成为大势所趋,且模拟结果表明,运输中燃烧生物柴油可降低供应链碳排放的13.10%,减排效果较为显著。4)在生鲜肉预冷过程中降低制冷系统能耗、在冷藏及销售过程中提高设备空间利用率可分别使供应链年碳排放降低2 100、1 600t,虽实施效果较小,但该措施便于操作,是降低供应链碳排放的有效途径。