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91.
Recent studies have emphasized the presence of microclimates in urban settings, but most do not have the high resolution observations necessary to understand the interactions taking place at a neighborhood scale. This study used a network of 10 identical weather stations and high resolution land cover data in Knoxville, Tennessee, to analyze the microclimates of a medium-sized city with a temperate climate. Two stations were installed in each of four urban neighborhoods in locations with varying localized tree cover, and two additional stations were installed in the center of downtown and in a nearby urban nature center. The intra-neighborhood results suggested that there is significant temperature variability within a single neighborhood based on the tree canopy density immediately surrounding a given weather station. However, the inter-neighborhood variability (differences between neighborhoods) was similar in magnitude, which suggests that the overall differences in neighborhood characteristics also have an effect on climate. Land cover at the neighborhood scale (in particular tree canopy percentages at the 500-m radii) had the highest correlation with the minimum daily temperature (Tmin) during the summer season. Maximum daily temperature (Tmax) relied most on the distance of each station from Downtown and the amount of impervious area in the 50 m surrounding each station. Tmax was also most influenced by surrounding land cover during dry conditions (a Dry Moderate air mass). Overall, highly localized impervious land cover percentages and larger-scale forested canopy were important in explaining temperature fluctuation, pointing to the importance of scale in microclimate assessments. Dry air masses enhanced the relationship between land cover and temperature during the day, while moist air masses did the same overnight. These data can be used to better inform planning strategies to build resiliency to extreme heat into urban environments by considering the influence of tree canopy. 相似文献
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There is increasing focus on designing liveable cities that promote walking. However, urban walking routes can expose people to adverse environmental conditions that reduce health, well-being and biodiversity. Our primary objective is to assess how urban form is associated with environmental quality, including biodiversity, for people moving through urban spaces. We assess a range of environmental conditions that influence human health and biodiversity (temperature, noise and particulate pollution) and biodiversity of three taxa (trees, butterflies and birds) along 700 m public walking routes embedded in 500 m x 500 m grid cells across three UK towns. Cells are selected using random stratification across an urbanisation intensity gradient. Walking routes in more built-up areas were noisier and hotter; noise levels further increased in areas with more industrial land-use and large roads. There was no evidence of vegetation mitigating noise or temperature, but there was some evidence that increased vegetation cover mitigated small particulate pollution. Walking routes in more built-up environments had lower butterfly, bird and native tree species richness, and reduced butterfly abundance. Large roads were associated with reduced bird species richness and increased noise was associated with reduced bird abundance. Most specific measures of vegetation in the surrounding matrix (median patch size, structural complexity at 1.5 m resolution) were not detectably associated with biodiversity along walking routes, indicating minimal beneficial spill-over. Increased garden cover in the surrounding matrix was associated with less abundant and less species-rich butterfly communities. Our results highlight considerable heterogeneity in the environmental quality of urban walking routes and pedestrians’ potential to experience biodiversity along these routes, driven by reduced quality in areas with more built cover. A greater focus is needed on mitigating adverse effects of specific features of the built environment (roads, industrial areas, noise) surrounding walking routes to enhance the co-benefits of more biodiversity and healthier conditions for pedestrians. 相似文献
95.
Fogging with formaldehyde of citrus packinghouses when the fruit are absent is a practice to control conidia of Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc., the cause of citrus green mold. Replacements for formaldehyde in these facilities are needed because of worker and environmental health issues. To evaluate the effectiveness of candidate sanitizers, craft wood sticks with conidia of P. digitatum were attached throughout commercial citrus ethylene degreening rooms and either water alone or the sanitizers were applied. The rooms were 20 ± 2 °C and humidified to 85–90% relative humidity. Aldehydes, peroxygen compounds, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, quaternary ammonium, alcohols, one phenolic compound, and one organic acid were applied with a compressed air assisted atomizer or fan atomizer in a volume of approximately 6 L per 100 m3 of room volume dispensed over a 3 h period. Rates applied were expressed as active ingredient per m3 of room volume. All were compared to formaldehyde applied at 1.98 g m−3 of room volume. After 24 h, the craft wood sticks were retrieved, and germination of the conidia assessed. Five sanitizers reduced germination of conidia by more than 95% and equaled formaldehyde in effectiveness. They were (effective rates): (1) glutaraldehyde (0.1 g m−3); (2) hydrogen peroxide (4.4 g m−3); (3) Citrisol (1.0 g m−3), a proprietary mineral oxychloride oxidizer; (4) acetic acid (5.3 g m−3); and (5) peracetic acid (2.4 g m−3). The toxicity of effective sanitizers was determined by exposure of P. digitatum conidia for 10 min to concentrations of each and the proportion of survivors used to estimate EC50 and EC99 concentrations. The toxicity of the sanitizers in this assay did not predict their effectiveness when applied by fogging, probably because other factors, such as distribution, persistence, droplet size, or vapor pressure also influenced their effectiveness. 相似文献
96.
分析了绿色农业的含义,指出发展绿色农业是实现社会主义新农村建设的需要、是人民安全消费、生活质量提高的重要保障、是提高农业竞争力的现实要求,并且能够推进农业机构的战略性调整,加快农业产业化进程,分析了廊坊市绿色农业的发展现状,指出其发展成果在于绿色农业基地、模式初具规模,农产品质量监管和检测体系逐步完善,农村环境初步改善,同时也指出了廊坊市绿色农业发展中存在的问题,主要在于人们对绿色农业的内涵认识不清;政府扶持力度不足,缺乏资金投入;绿色农业生产及配套技术不完善;绿色农产品市场开发较晚,营销网络和市场体系不够健全。通过对廊坊市现有绿色农业发展模式进行研究,以期为其进一步发展完善提供借鉴。 相似文献
97.
对6种青饲牧草用7种除草剂进行除草试验。证明播后苗前墨西哥类玉米用40%阿特拉津胶悬剂0.90kg(ai)/hm^2;M-81E饲用高粱与串叶松香草适宜用60%丁草胺乳油0.90kg(ai)/hm^2;苏丹草适宜用60%丁草胺乳油0.90kg9ai)/hm^2与25%绿麦隆可湿性粉剂0.94kg(ai)/hm^2,紫苏用12%恶草灵乳油0.27kg(ai)/hm^2与84%chinch乳油1.89 相似文献
98.
为开发RNAi转基因作物的田间可视化鉴定方法,以DNA嵌合染料SYBR Green I为材料,采用设置重组酶聚合酶扩增(Recombinase Polymerase Amplification,RPA)特异性引物的手段,建立了一种快速、低成本、可视化的RPA用于转基因大豆‘B5C9123-5’的检测。结果表明,在靶标不存在时,RPA体系中游离的SYBR Green I染料使溶液呈现较弱的黄色荧光。在靶标存在的情况下,RPA扩增产生的双链DNA与SYBR Green I结合导致溶液从黄色转变为绿色并使荧光迅速增强。通过对RPA扩增时间和温度进行优化,阳性结果可在20min内用肉眼鉴别,检测限为1.00ng/μL。通过设置不同RPA引物,该方法可用于现场快速检测多种RNAi转基因作物。 相似文献
99.
Fulmer R Loeb WF Martin DP Gard EA 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1984,13(1):19-25
The intravenous administration of 0.75 gm glucose per kg and the measurement of serum glucose pretest and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes constitute a satisfactory protocol for intravenous glucose tolerance testing of Rhesus (Macaca mulatto) and African Green (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys. No significant differences were noted between animals restrained with ketamine hydrochloride and those restrained with sodium pentobarbital, but the African Green males and females and the male Rhesus monkeys yielded significantly different results while being manually restrained. 相似文献
100.
猪细小病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ模式实时定量PCR检测方法的建立 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据GenBank猪细小病毒(PPV)的NS1基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,采用SYBR Green Ⅰ随机结合渗入法,建立实时定量PCR检测方法,构建了检测PPV的标准DNA模版,循环阈值(Ct)与标准质粒DNA模板在7.8×101~7.8×108拷贝/μl浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.997。该方法用于猪细小病毒的检测具有很高的特异性,其敏感性与常规PCR相比可以提高100倍,可以用于猪细小病毒的快速检测。 相似文献