抗除草剂油菜雄性不育系选育及利用研究

对抗草甘膦油菜“Quest”的抗性遗传研究结果表明,油菜对草甘膦的抗性为显性性状,由1对基因控制,抗草甘麟基因在F2和BC1群体遵循孟德尔分离规律。以抗草甘膦油菜“Quest”和双低雄性不育系“G851A”、保持系“G851B”为亲本材料,经5个轮回世代的回交、自交和测交,育成了抗除草剂油菜雄性不育系“K851A”和保持系“K851B”。“K851A”不育系株型紧凑,不育性彻底,双低品质稳定,且具有除草剂抗性,组配的杂交组合K851A/C-1平均产量达3426.0 kg/hm2,较对照增产12.84%。     

油菜抗除草剂不育系的抗性效应研究

为探明转育获得的抗除草剂不育系的抗性效应,苗期用不同浓度草甘膦处理抗草甘膦油菜不育系TA6,TA7。结果表明:随着喷药浓度增加,对叶片、茎秆和根的生长表现为不同程度的抑制作用,其中对叶片生长的影响较早且最严重,对茎秆生长的影响较迟,程度相对较轻,对根部生长的抑制作用最小,表现为先抑后扬,但随着时间推移,影响程度逐渐减轻,至喷药60 d后,油菜苗生长基本恢复正常。花期育性调查和套袋自交结果表明,抗性不育系喷施草甘膦除草剂后,育性未受任何影响,TA6,TA7的不育率和不育度均表现正常。     

转EPSPS基因抗草甘膦棉花的遗传分析

为分析转基因抗草甘膦棉花早代遗传情况,以花粉管通道法获得的26个转5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶基因(EPSPS)抗草甘膦棉花转化事件为材料,以其背景亲本中棉所49为对照,喷施草甘膦后对转基因棉T1、T2分离比例进行考察。T1田间抗性鉴定结果表明,经卡方检测20个转化事件T1分离符合3∶1的分离规律,即外源基因插入1个位点;6个转化事件不符合1对基因的分离规律,出现了偏分离。T2田间抗性鉴定结果表明,通过花粉通管法共获得152个纯合株系,分别来源于25个转化事件;对T2不纯合株系继续进行分离比例的考察,发现来源于15个转化事件的57个株系符合3∶1的分离规律;此外卡方检测结果表明,每个转化事件都有不符合3∶1分离规律的株系,且其中10个转化事件没有符合3∶1分离规律的株系。表明通过花粉管通道法获得的转基因植株中外源基因的整合和遗传均较复杂。     

Ten-year response of the herbaceous layer to an operational herbicide-shelterwood treatment in a northern hardwood forest

Shelterwood seed cutting in conjunction with herbicide site preparation has proven effective at regenerating Allegheny hardwood forests, but the long-term impact of this silvicultural system on herbaceous vegetation has not been determined. From 1994 to 2004, we studied the impacts of operational herbicide site preparation using glyphosate plus sulfometuron methyl herbicides in the context of a shelterwood seed cut. Our study took place on 10 partially cut sites on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Half of each site received herbicide and half did not in a split-plot design with repeated measures. Fences were erected after year six because deer impact had increased. Resilience of individual species and the community were determined using measures of percent cover by species or species groups and indices of diversity and similarity comparing post-treatment to pre-treatment conditions and controls. In the short term, abundance of all species was reduced and there were four fewer species on average in treated areas. No species was eliminated by herbicide across all sites in the long term. Graminoids were more abundant on treated plots after year six. Targeted ferns remained less abundant on treated than control plots after 10 years. Species richness recovered within 4 years following treatment. Shannon Diversity and Shannon Evenness were greater in treated than in control plots over the full study period, but the differences were not significant in any single year. The richness-based Jaccard index of similarity did not differ between control and treatment plots after year two, while relative abundance influenced indices showed significant differences through year eight. Results suggest that herbaceous layer vegetation is resilient to the disturbance created by herbicide-shelterwood treatments.     

Effects of tilling no-till soil on losses of atrazine and glyphosate to runoff water under variable intensity simulated rainfall

Herbicides released through agricultural activities to surface waters and drinking water systems represent a risk to human and environmental health, as well as a cost to municipalities for removal. This study focuses on the viability of glyphosate tolerant cropping systems as an alternative to atrazine-based systems, and the impact of tilling historically no-till ground on the runoff pollution potential of these systems. Variable intensity field rainfall simulations were performed on 2 m long × 1 m wide plots within a field in first-year disk and harrow following no-till (CT), and within a long-term no-tilled (NT) field, both treated with atrazine and glyphosate according to label. Rainfall sequence was: 50 mm h⁻¹ for 50 min followed by 75 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, 25 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min, and 100 mm h⁻¹ for 15 min. Runoff was collected at regular time intervals during two simulated rainfall events and analyzed for herbicide concentration, sediment content, and volume. Maximum glyphosate concentration in runoff was 233 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 180 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 33% and 26% of the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) for glyphosate (700 μg L⁻¹), respectively, while maximum atrazine concentrations in runoff was 303 μg L⁻¹ for NT and 79 μg L⁻¹ for CT (approximately 100 times and 26 times the atrazine MCL (3 μg L⁻¹)). Atrazine concentration and loading were significantly higher in runoff from NT plots than from CT plots, whereas glyphosate concentration and loading were impacted by tillage treatment to a much lesser degree. Results suggest that glyphosate-based weed management may represent a lower drinking water risk than atrazine-based weed management, especially in NT systems.     

转基因耐草甘膦作物的环境安全性

世界每年因草害造成的作物产量损失达950亿美元,为了简便有效地防除多种杂草,农民希望喷施杀草谱广的除草剂。转基因耐除草剂作物的种植为农民提供了更多的除草剂选择,在扩大杀草谱、提高除草效果、增加作物安全性、改善环境、简化栽培等方面起到了积极作用。转基因耐除草剂作物的大面积种植也引起了全球对其环境安全问题的广泛关注。本文以耐草甘膦作物为例,对国内外环境安全的相关研究结果进行归纳和总结,以期为我国耐草甘膦转基因作物的环境安全评价及耐草甘膦作物的管理提供参考。     

Comparison of the effect of Roundup Ultra 360 SL pesticide and its active compound glyphosate on human erythrocytes

The effects of exposure of human erythrocytes to different concentrations of Roundup Ultra 360 SL and its active compound glyphosate were studied. We studied hemolysis after 1, 5, and 24 h incubation; lipid peroxidation, hemoglobin oxidation, the level of reduced glutathione, and the activity of catalase after 1 h. Human erythrocytes were incubated with 100-1500 ppm (100 μg/ml erythrocytes at 5% hematocrite) Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate. We have found that after 1 h of incubation only Roundup Ultra 360 SL increased the level of methemoglobin, products of lipid peroxidation at 500 ppm and hemolysis at 1500 ppm [Curr. Top. Biophys. 26 (2002) 245], while its active compound glyphosate increased the level of methemoglobin and the level of lipid peroxidation at much higher dose—1000 ppm. At the same time hemolysis was observed to only at the highest dose of glyphosate (1500 ppm) and the longest time of incubation (24 h). Both Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate did not cause statistically significant changes in the level of GSH, but increased the activity of catalase. Roundup Ultra 360 SL provokes more changes in the function of erythrocytes than its active substance glyphosate, which is probably a result of the properties of additives. Taking into account the limited accumulation of Roundup Ultra 360 SL and glyphosate in the organism as well as the fact that the threshold doses which caused changes in erythrocytes for Roundup Ultra 360 SL were only 500 and 1000 ppm for glyphosate, one may conclude that this pesticide is safe towards human erythrocytes.     

耐草甘膦菜豆耐性机理的初步研究

采用液谱测定耐性、感性菜豆叶片对草甘膦的吸收及草甘膦传导入根中的量。耐性、感性菜豆吸收、传导草甘膦无差异。耐性、感性菜豆 EPSP合成酶提取物中的蛋白质含量分别为 3.0 0 mg/ m L和 3.0 8mg/ m L ,EPSP合成酶的比活性分别为 2 .13nmol· min-1· mg-1蛋白和 1.97nmol· min-1· mg-1蛋白 ,但耐性、感性菜豆 EPSP合成酶比活性被草甘膦不同浓度抑制的差异大 ,抑制耐性菜豆 EPSP合成酶活性的草甘膦浓度 I50 为 19.2μmol/ L ,而感性的 I50 为 6 .3μmol/ L。两种菜豆对草甘膦的耐性差异在于各自的 EPSP合成酶比活性被草甘膦的抑制程度不同。     

农达(草甘膦)使用技术简析

介绍了农达(草甘膦)在不同的环境条件具体操作技术。     

Effect of Some Growth Factors and Glyphosate Herbicide on Pigments and Protein in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Two field experiments were carried out during 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons at Experimental Farm of National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effects of supplemental growth factors on the reversal of glyphosate-induced inhibition in photosynthetic pigments and protein in faba beans. A split plot design with four replications was used in both seasons. Glyphosate at 0,312 and 468 g.a.i./ha as well as the untreated treatment, arranged at random in main plots while, the growth factors, i.e., growth regulators, amino acids and nutrient elements at different concentrations distributed randomly in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. Glyphosate decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoides content and the total pigments content in the leaves of faba bean plants, as well as, the protein content of seeds and protein yield per hectare.
2. The treatments of phenylalanine at 500 ppm, urea at 1 %, cytolinin at 4/1000 and tryptophan at 500 ppm, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the chlorophyll a, b content and total pigments content in faba bean leaves. The same treatments, as well as, zinc sulfate at 1 %, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the carotenoids content in faba bean leaves.
3. The treatment of G a ₃ at 100 ppm gave the highest percentage of crude protein in seeds, while the lowest value was obtained from cytokinin at 4/1000, in both seasons.
4. The treatments of cytokinin at 4/1000, phenylalanine at 500 ppm and tryptophan at both levels, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the protein yield per h.