甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)种质资源的同工酶电泳分析

本试验用凝脉电泳法分析了44份甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)材料功能叶的过氧化物酶(POD)、细胞色素氧化酶(Cyt)、儿茶酚酶(Cat)及酯酶(Est)同工酶和10个材料感病前后POD及Cat同工酶的变化。结果表明除Est外,不同材料的其他三种氧化酶均存在着明显的同工酶差异,其中POD同工酶的差异最大,Cyt次之,Cat相对较小。所分析的同工酶系均不能将薄皮甜瓜和厚皮甜瓜截然分开,这两类甜瓜在同工酶水平上亲缘关系很近。甜瓜植株感染病毒后其功能叶POD和Cat同工酶分子数量和种类明显增加。     

山蚂蝗属(Desmodium Desv.)种质资源形态多样性研究

对37份山蚂蝗材料的植物学特征、外部性状的变异及其规律进行观测统计及聚类分析。通过数据统计和相关性分析,结果表明:(1)山蚂蝗的植物学特征存在广泛变异,其变异系数为85%(叶柄长)~9%(叶色),平均为45%;(2)山蚂蝗植物学各性状指标间存在不同程度的相关性,其中叶片类型、叶尖、花冠颜色、茎的生长习性、旗瓣大小、荚果长、荚果宽、单荚粒数之间存显著(p0.05)或极显著(p0.01)正相关,叶长与叶宽正相关系数最大(0.892);叶片类型与叶长、叶宽、花序轴长度成极显著负相关,系数分别为-0.611、-0.462、-0.485。通过聚类分析,在欧氏距离8.0处,可将37份供试山蚂蝗材料划分为6类,其中度尼山蚂蝗CIAT46562和灰色山蚂蝗CPI46561单独聚为一类,为直立或斜升、羽状三出复叶型。     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: The utilization of newly imported breeds and the gene flow of imported animals in the United States of America

Animal germplasm exchange has recently received attention as a product of the FAO's State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources effort. Some have advocated a need to explore policies and regulations on the exchange of germplasm (e.g., Hiemstra, S.J., Drucker, A., Tvedt, M., Louwaars, N., Oldenbroek, J., Awgichew, K., Kebede, S., Bhat, P., da Silva Mariante, A. 2006. Exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: policies and regulatory options. Centre for Genetic Resources. Wageningen Univ., the Netherlands, pp. 1­43). However, there has been little comprehensive assessment of either the economic or genetic impact of introduced germplasm into national populations. As a result, much of the discussion of gene flows has been based on assumptions and generalizations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the genetic impact of germplasm imported into the United States during the last 25 to 50 years. The paper considers both new breeds (Meishan pigs, Tuli cattle, and Boer goats) and new animals within existing breeds (Limousin and Jersey cattle). Of the new breeds recently imported only one had an impact on US animal agriculture. Neither the Tuli nor the Meishan has impacted the US livestock industry. It appears that these breeds were initially viewed as attractive because of single traits, but producers did not find it attractive to adopt the new breeds based on these specific traits. In the end, these breeds did not prove competitive in the US under the current set of market conditions. This result would indicate that importation of new genetic resources due to a single trait of interest is not a viable importation strategy. By contrast, the Boer goat exhibited a number of production characteristics which made it desirable to US producers and thereby allowed the breed to become well established. A second portion of the study evaluated the importation and parentage pattern of Limousin cattle as they became established in the U. S. and the gene flow of imported Jersey cattle since the 1950′s. In both cases, the study relied on pedigree analysis. Over the past fifty years, Jersey cattle have been sporadically imported from various countries, but no imported animal has had an overpowering effect on the population. It appears that by the great-grand progeny level, the genes from imported animals are diminishing rather than increasing in the population. In evaluating the predicted transmitting abilities for imported cattle relative to high and moderately ranked domestically bred cattle, there were significant differences between these groups for milk production. This would be sufficient to explain why the impact of the imported cattle diminished. The results of our analysis at both the breed and individual level underscore the speculative nature of germplasm importation — even within breeds where there is a great deal of information available about production characteristics. From this analysis, we conclude that successful importation of new breeds into the US must be based on a large number of production characteristics; importation for a single characteristic (e.g., high prolificacy) while the breed is deficient in other areas does not lead to the breed's adoption. While not fully explored in this work, it appears that initial interest and acceptance from the private sector is crucial for breed acceptance, as the Boer goat demonstrates. Within an existing breed, importation of individual animals still appears to have a relatively high degree of risk and is dependent upon the importer's ability to pick viable candidates. However, once animals are imported their progeny must effectively compete with the domestic population, or else their genetic contribution will rapidly diminish.     

野生二粒小麦及其后代富含微量营养元素种质资源的筛选鉴定

由于主要粮食作物中微量营养元素(特别是Zn 和Fe)的缺乏导致全世界范围内的人类微量营养元素缺乏症。野生二粒小麦(Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides)是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe、蛋白质含量及改良小麦其他性状的重要种质资源。本研究以4 份野生二粒小麦及32 份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)杂交后代为材料, 进行籽粒中富含Zn、Fe 和蛋白质种质资源的筛选和鉴定。野生二粒小麦的后代材料表现出广泛的遗传变异。籽粒Zn、Fe 含量和蛋白质含量之间均呈极显著正相关关系, 说明这些性状能够通过育种方式达到共同提高的目的。试验共筛选到17 份Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量均显著高于对照品种"石4185"的材料, 说明将来自野生二粒小麦的外源基因导入到普通小麦是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的有效途径。其中5份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的杂交后代表现出较高籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的同时, 也具有较高的产量和优良的农艺性状。这些材料的获得为小麦生物强化育种提供了重要的物质基础。     

长期施肥下褐土易氧化有机碳及有机碳库的变化特征

本研究探讨了24年长期施肥对褐土土壤有机碳(TOC)、有机碳储量(TOCs)、净固碳效率(NCSE)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响,为评价褐土土壤碳库变化与质量及科学施肥提供理论依据。研究以褐土肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,通过9个处理[A组:不施肥处理(N_0P_0、CK);B组:单施无机肥处理(N_1P_1、N_2P_2、N_3P_3和N_4P_4);C组:有机肥与无机肥配施处理(N_2P_1M_1、N_3P_2M_3和N_4P_2M_2);D组:单施高量有机肥处理(M_6)]测定土壤TOC与易氧化有机碳(ROOC)含量,并计算TOCs、NCSE及CPMI等相关指标。结果表明,在不同土层不同时期施用较高量有机肥配施无机肥及施用高量有机肥(N_3P_2M_3、N_4P_2M_2和M_6)均可提高TOC和ROOC含量,且随土层深度加深提升作用减弱。TOCs、NCSE与0~20 cm土层TOC含量在时间和空间上的变化规律基本一致。施用高量有机肥(C组、D组)可有效提高TOCs,A组、B组的TOCs均值分别比C组、D组低76.77%与17.36%。长期施肥处理可提高NCSE,尤其是施用有机肥处理可显著提高NCSE。NCSE为D组C组A组=B组;D组NCSE为1 152.27 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),是C组的2.51倍,B组的16.20倍。与试验前相比,C组和D组的CPMI无显著变化,且C组与D组间差异不显著,但A组与B组比试验前降低16.38~40.02。与A组(CK)相比,B组中N1P1处理与C、D组处理显著影响CPMI,提高了23.30~45.67。在0~40 cm土层CPMI与ROOC含量呈显著正相关,CPMI可以很好地指示有机碳的变化。可见,施用高量有机肥或者较高量有机肥与无机肥配施可极显著提高褐土土壤TOCs、NCSE和CPMI,即施用高量有机肥或者较高量有机肥与无机肥配施(N_3P_2M_3和N_4P_2M_2)有利于褐土有机碳的固存,可减少无机肥的施用量,使土壤性质向良性方向发展,培肥土壤。     

施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了施肥对土壤活性碳（ＣＡ）、微生物生物量碳（ＣＭＢ）、矿化碳（ＣＭ）及碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）的影响。结果表明,不同土壤ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ的大小为：水稻土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉潮土。施肥对ＣＡ和ＣＰＭＩ,ＣＭＢ和ＣＭ的影响分别为：处理３〉处理〉处理１〉处理４〉ＣＫ,处理３〉处理５〉处理４〉处理１〉ＣＫ。在提高ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ方面,稻草肥、绿肥优于厩肥,厩肥高量施用优于常量施用。     

山地荒漠草地封育对土壤质量的影响

[目的]评价封育草地土壤的质量.[方法]以北疆山地荒漠草地放牧和围封7年草地土壤为研究对象,分析土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的变化.[结果]随着土层深度的增加土壤有机碳、土壤易氧化碳、土壤微生物量碳含量均呈降低趋势.与放牧相比,围封7年土壤易氧化碳与土壤有机碳含量升高,但差异不显著;土壤微生物量碳含量在5～ 50 cm各土层显著升高(P＜0.05).0～20 cm、35～ 50 cm土层碳库管理指数＞ 100.表明草地封育使土壤有机碳活度增大,同时增加了土壤碳的截存,土壤质量有所提升.[结论]围封后,土壤易氧化碳与土壤有机碳含量升高;土壤微生物碳含量显著升高;土壤表层与下层碳库管理指数高于放牧;荒漠漠地长期封育改善了土壤有机质状况和土壤碳库质理,增强了土壤碳汇功能.     

长白山区野生桔梗资源现状调查

[目的]掌握长白山区野生桔梗资源的现状。[方法]在长白山东坡的延边地区,黑龙江省牡丹江地区,长白山西坡的通化地区、白山地区和吉林地区共调查24个点。对24个点的野生桔梗的生境和生长情况（株高、茎数、果实数、根数、根长、根粗等）进行调查,采集样本并种植保存。[结果]野生桔梗生长的地点多种多样,因而生长的土壤类型也多种多样,主要有农田土、森林腐殖土、砂石土以及岩石缝隙等阳光比较充足的地方,其中砂石土质的小山坡上生长较多。野生桔梗生长的植被类型主要有地头边的撂荒地、小灌木丛、阔叶林以及针阔混交林的岩石缝隙等。总体上看,现存的野生桔梗大多数生长在生境比较恶劣的地方或非常偏远、人迹稀少的地方,因为其生境比较恶劣,根太小而没有利用价值或地方太偏远、不易采挖而幸存。由于生长环境恶劣,现存的野生桔梗普遍比栽培桔梗瘦小,栽培桔梗性状表现均优于野生桔梗。[结论]调查为分析长白山区野生桔梗的遗传多样性和建立长白山区野生桔梗种质资源库奠定了基础。     

The N2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH

The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N₂O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N₂O product ratios of both denitrification (N₂O/(N₂+N₂O)) and nitrification (N₂O/(NO₂⁻+NO₃⁻). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N₂O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N₂O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. ¹⁵N labelled nitrate (NO₃⁻) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N₂O from NO₃⁻ reduction and NH₃ oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N₂O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO₂⁻)) as a function of NO₂⁻ concentrations. Additions of NO₂⁻ to aerobic soil slurries (with ¹⁵N labelled NO₃⁻ added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N₂O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N₂O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N₂O product ratio of nitrification for N₂O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N₂O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO₂⁻. We further found convincing evidence for NO₂⁻-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO₂⁻, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N₂O emission.     

甘薯淀粉产量及相关性状的遗传多样性和关联度分析

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]是加工淀粉和燃料乙醇的重要原料,是目前我国最具开发前景的非粮食类新型能源作物。选育高淀粉产量的能源型甘薯新品种是甘薯育种的重要目标。为了获得准确筛选高淀粉产量育种材料的性状指标,提高甘薯高淀粉产量育种效率,缩短育种周期,本研究利用不同甘薯品种(系)的自然变异,根据淀粉产量、不同生长发育阶段的5个主要农艺性状和3个淀粉合成关键酶活性测定结果,利用相似系数和遗传距离矩阵,以类平均法对国内48份不同淀粉产量甘薯种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析,通过关联度分析研究了淀粉产量与不同时期农艺性状、淀粉合成关键酶活性的相关性。结果表明:48份甘薯种质资源材料在不同时期农艺特征差异较大;不同时期农艺性状的聚类结果中,栽后100 d的农艺性状与淀粉产量关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期的基部分枝数呈极显著负相关(r=0.428),与干率呈极显著正相关(r=0.423),而与最长蔓长、单株结薯数和单株鲜薯重相关性不显著。48份甘薯种质材料在不同时期的酶活聚类结果差异明显。不同时期的甘薯淀粉合成关键酶活性聚类结果中,栽后50 d酶活聚类与淀粉产量聚类结果关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期测得的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)活性呈负相关关系(r=0.163),与蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性(r=0.101)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性(r=0.016)呈正相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。加之淀粉合成关键酶活性测定步骤繁琐,不适宜作为甘薯高淀粉产量育种早期选择的生理指标。在高淀粉产量育种材料筛选时可于栽后100 d对农艺性状进行综合考察,重点考虑干率较高及分枝数较少的品系。本研究可为甘薯高淀粉产量育种提供一定的理论依据。