散养成乳牛舍环境测定

以一栋散养成乳牛舍为对象，系统地测定了舍内外的气温、气湿、风速、辐射强度、黑体温度及屋顶热流量。结果表明：从６月１日—９月１０日，舍内旬均气温都在２３．４３℃以上，舍内１４：００气温旬均值都在２８℃以上，舍内旬均ＴＨＩ都超过７１．７１；屋顶热流量曲线的斜率很大、峰值出现于１４：００，并且与舍外黑体温度呈高度的正相关；舍内与舍外的黑体温度、辐射强度分别呈中等以上的正相关；冬季舍内寒冷，同时受舍外气流影响大。笔者认为，通过增加牛舍高度、先用高热阻屋面材料和冬季防风可望改进此类牛舍的环境。     

Taurine reduced oxygen free radical production induced by homocysteine in electron transport chain and homocysteine inhibites taurine transporter in mitochondria membrane

AIM: To observe effects of homocysteine and antagonized effects of taurine on electronic leakage and free radical production in myocardial mitochondria. METHODS: Myocardial mitochondria of rat heart was isolated, and was broken by supersonic wave to prepare submitochondria. Recombinant of succinic acid cytochrome c reductase was prepared with mitochondria of porcine heart. They were co-incubated with homocysteine and/or taurine with various concentration. The H₂O₂ and O₂^- were determined by chemiluminescence methods. The taurine transporter of heart mitochondria and its propert, and effects of homocysteine on its function were studied with glass filter. RESULTS: Homocysteine stimulated oxygen free radical production in heart mitochondria, submitochondria, and succinic acid cytochrome c in a concentration-dependent manner. Although taurine itself did not affect oxygen free radical production, taurine did inhibit oxygen free radical production in mitochondria, submitochondria and succinic acid cytochrome c in a concentration-dependent manner. Taurine transporters of Na⁺-dependent were existed in mitochondria membrane. Homocysteine inhibited taurine transtport in mitochondria in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Taurine inhibited electronic leakage and oxygen free radical production induced by homocysteine in electron transport chain. There were taurine transporters in mitochondria membrane, and transport functions of taurine transporter were inhibited by homocysteine.     

高效液相色谱法测定天女木兰叶中游离酚和结合酚

[目的]进一步了解天女木兰中酚类物质种类及含量。[方法]利用高效液相色谱仪对天女木兰叶片中游离酚、结合酚和酯化酚进行定性定量测定。[结果]在10种检测酚中,天女木兰叶片中含有香豆酸和绿原酸2种游离酚,含有咖啡酸、香豆酸、香豆素和表儿茶素4种结合酚及香豆素和香豆酸2种酯化酚;各种形式的香豆酸广泛存在于叶片中。[结论]该研究建立的高效液相色谱法测定天女木兰叶中游离酚和结合酚的方法准确、可靠。     

FACE对杂交籼稻汕优63干物质生产与分配的影响

2005--2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,以三系杂交籼稻汕优63为供试材料,设计比大气CO2浓度（对照,370umol．mol^-1）高200umol．mol^-1的FACE处理（570umol．mol^-1）和施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究其对汕优63物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明：（1）两季平均,FACE处理使汕优63移栽-分蘖中期、分蘖中期-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-成熟期干物质生产量分别比对照增加了39％、20％、32％和41％,结果使成熟期生物产量显著增加（＋33％）;（2）与干物质生产量相比,汕优63平均叶面积指数（LAI）和净同化率（NAR）对CO2的响应有相似的季节性变化趋势,但LAI的响应值明显大于NAR;（3）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期叶片和稻穗占地上部干重的比例下降,而使茎鞘占地上部干重的比例明显增加;（4）三系杂交籼稻汕优63成熟期生物产量以及不同生育阶段平均LAI、NAR和干物质生产量对FACE的响应与粳稻品种存在明显差异．而干物质分配差异较小。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对粳稻稻米物性及食味品质的影响

在2009和2010年利用独特的稻/麦轮作系统FACE（Free Air CO2 Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高）平台,以武运粳21、扬辐粳8号、武香粳14和武粳15为供试材料,研究了高浓度CO（2比大气背景CO2浓度高200 μmol·mol-1）对粳稻蒸煮米的硬度、粘性、香气、光泽、完整性、味道和口感等的影响。物性分析仪测定结果表明,高浓度CO2环境下粳稻熟米的硬度和粘性总体呈增加趋势,其中扬辐粳8号两指标的增幅均达显著水平。食味计测定结果显示,高浓度CO2对蒸煮稻米香气、光泽度、完整性、味道和口感等食味品质指标均没有影响。相关分析表明,CO2与品种的互作对米饭硬度和粘性有显著影响,但对食味品质参数均没有影响。CO2与年度、CO2与年度和品种间的互作对所有测定参数均无显著影响。两年数据一致表明,未来高浓度CO2环境下粳稻蒸煮米的硬度和粘性将呈增加趋势,增幅因品种而异,但米饭食味品质无显著变化。     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

封育对典型草原植被结构及光谱特征的影响

在2008年7月-2009年5月,以锡林郭勒典型草原为研究区,分别对封育草地和自由放牧草地的光谱反射率、草层高度、覆盖度和地上生物量进行了测定。结果表明:封育能够明显改善典型草原植被结构,增加牧草种类,提高牧草地上生物量;封育区植被光谱特征在旺盛生长期呈现出显著优势,4种植被指数较自由放牧区显著增加,其余生长季均无明显差异。     

Possible influence of termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) on forms and composition of free sesquioxides in tropical soils

There has been less concern about soil mineralogical alteration than about soil physical, chemical and biological changes induced by termite nest-building activity. Furthermore, much less attention has been paid to free sesquioxides than to phyllosilicate minerals. In the present study, we conducted field morphological observations and selective dissolution analysis to characterize free sesquioxides in termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds as compared with surrounding pedons in different toposequence positions, i.e., seasonally flooded valley bottom, hydromorphic fringe and well-drained upland sites. Distinctive redoximorphic features, such as surface yellowish layers on mound structures from the fringe site, indicate possible alteration of iron sesquioxide forms in the mounds due to the transportation of soil from reductive (aquic subsoil) to oxidative (epigeal mound) environments by the nest-building activity of M. bellicosus. On the other hand, the iron-soluble content in the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) system (Fe_d) was generally higher in the mound structures than at the adjacent sub-surface (Ap2) horizon at each toposequence position, while there was less difference in the content of acid ammonium oxalate (AAO) extractable iron (Fe_o) as compared to Fe_d. As a consequence, the iron activity index (Fe_d/Fe_o ratio) was found for the most part to be lower in the mound structures than in the neighboring Ap2 horizon. In addition, the content of Fe_d, AAO-soluble Al (Al_o) and DCB-extractable Al (Al_d) was significantly correlated with clay content in these soils. These findings suggest that M. bellicosus preferentially collects clay particles, probably from the clay-rich subsoils, such as the argillic horizon, which has been formed by the co-migration of phyllosilicate minerals and relatively crystalline sesquioxides. The species then likely incorporates them into the mounds, which induces an increase in the Fe_d content relative to that of Fe_o, resulting in a decreased iron activity index in the mound structures.     

水稻生育后期根系氮代谢生理活性变化的研究

以"两优培九"及其父本"9311"和"汕优63"为材料,测定不同水稻品种花后根系氮代谢相关酶[谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)]及蛋白水解酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量、根系伤流液量以及伤流液游离氨基酸及糖含量.结果表明,"9311"的GPT和GDH活性高峰出现在开花前,GS和GOT峰值分别出现在花后第1、2周;"两优培九"除GS高峰在开花前,其余3种酶活性高峰均出现在花后1周;"汕优63"的4种酶活性高峰均出现在花后第2周."9311"和"两优培九"根系可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量高峰出现在花后1周左右,"汕优63"的两峰值滞后于前两品种,分别推至花后第2周和第3周,这与3品种根系酶活性的变化趋势基本一致."两优培九"根系伤流液量的最大值出现在花后两周,早于"9311"和"汕优63"1周.伤流液的高峰和根系中游离氨基酸峰值相差1周,且滞后时间在品种间有所差别,"两优培九"相差1周,"9311"相差两周,而"汕优63"二者基本一致.3品种伤流液中"汕优63"糖含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.01),而"9311"的氨基酸含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.05).本试验结果表明,"两优培九"根系的氮代谢高峰早于其他两个品种,而峰值低于其他两品种,说明生育后期"两优培九"根系生理活性衰退早于其他两个品种;品种间根系的代谢高峰具有明显的强度和时间性差异;根系组织代谢高峰和伤流液峰值具有时间差,其差值因品种而异.