2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学项目受理与资助分析

本文分析了2022年度国家自然科学基金土壤学的项目受理与资助情况,以环境地球科学学科土壤学有关的D0701环境土壤学、D0709基础土壤学、D0710土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力等三个二级申请代码为重点,对面上、青年科学基金、地区科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、优秀青年科学基金和重点等类别的项目的申请、受理、评议、资助立项、研究队伍、分类属性、关键词数据云等方面进行了统计与分析,旨在为今后的相关申请提供参考。     

Study on Analysis Methods for Rock Slope FoundationStability of the Highrise Building

Based on the practical project a study on analysis methods for rock slope foundation stability of highrise-building project criterion transfer coefficient method, rotation limit equilibrium method (Sweden slices method) and finite element method was carried out.The authors found that safety factor of criterion transfer coefficient method is larger than that of rotation limit equilibrium method, but is similar to the results of finite element method. So, when rockslope foundation stability of highrise building is to be analysed,the rotation limit equilibrium method is suggested to use.     

蠕虫(蚯蚓)处理生物垃圾的初步研究

利用蚯蚓的生理代谢活动来处理生物垃圾,从而改变土壤的理化性质,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤中的氮、磷和钾等元素的含量,同时蚯蚓自身也得以存活和增殖。试验通过测定经蚯蚓消化代谢后的生物垃圾,从产物中找出氮、磷、钾的变化规律。同时试验表明蚯蚓的周繁殖率为34%,单独个体日处理生物垃圾量为0.957 g。利用蠕虫(蚯蚓)对生物垃圾进行处理不仅可获得良好的环境效益、生态效益,同时通过蚯蚓增殖更可获得较好的经济效益。     

2021年度国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科项目申请、评审与资助情况分析

为持续推进科学基金改革,促进学科均衡、协调和可持续发展,分析了国家自然科学基金农学基础与作物学学科2021年度新申请代码下的项目申请、评审与资助情况及基于4类科学问题属性的分类申请与资助情况等,提出了项目申请存在的主要问题和建议.     

分级分相厌氧消化工艺的研究现状

厌氧消化是污泥处理的主要途径之一,分级分相厌氧消化工艺因产酸相和产甲烷相的分离而具有一系列的特点和优势。从污泥的停留时间、TOCD的去除率、COD去除率、应用范围等多角度对分级分相厌氧消化工艺进行了系统的分析。对最新的研究成果进行了总结,并对其在未来污泥处理中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

农村生活垃圾处理方式调查

对我国农村生活垃圾处理方式进行了初步调查。主要方式有卫生填埋;焚烧;堆肥;太阳能垃圾减量化;高温高压湿解法;垃圾衍生燃料;气化熔融处理技术;沼气池的利用技术。     

深溪河流域农业面源污染综合治理措施

根据深溪河流域污染面广、水土流失严重、乡村环境差、水体N、P含量高、水库富营养化的现状,提出以小流域为单元,对农业面源污染实行水污染防治与水土流失治理、生态经济发展兼顾的标本兼治修复技术,包括生态农业技术、人工水塘技术、植被缓冲带技术、湿地生态系统构建技术等,达到控制污染和水土流失,保证流域水质,改善乡村环境的目的,实现流域自然、社会、经济可持续发展的目标。     

等离子体不同次数处理花生种子对生物学性状、产量及产值的影响

等离子体不同次数处理花生种子研究结果表明,等离子体处理的花生种子明显提高苗期根数、平均根长、下针率,并且降低出苗期株高、开花期株高以及下针期株高;各处理皆比处理7增产达到166.0～608.0 kg/hm2,增幅达4.1%～13.7%;增值832.0～3 042.0元/hm2。处理2比处理7增产、增幅、增值最高,分别为608.0 kg/hm2、13.7%、3 042.0元/hm2。表明处理2为等离子体最佳处理次数,增产、增收效果显著。     

城市景观水体的修复

对城市景观水体存在的问题和原因作了简单的分析,并对水景水体的修复提出解决的原理和方法,提出城市景观水体建设及治理应以体现生态、休闲、亲水、自然和突出文化内涵为指导思想和基本原则。结合南昌市近年“八湖二河”治理的实例,简述几种城市景观水体的修复方法。     

The potential contribution of separation technologies to the management of livestock manure

Separation processes have a distinct role in the management of livestock slurries, but it is important to recognise their limitations. Such technology can direct certain manure components into a small volume of a concentrated stream which is useful for the production of organic products in subsequent processes. Equipment generally falls into systems based either on mechanical screening (which can produce a fibrous and seemingly dry product), filtration processes (producing a cake), or sedimentation leading to a sludge product. Although physical separation can remove up to 80% of the total solids content from livestock manures, this will only include a relatively small part of the soluble nutrient and of the reactive organic matter; this is particularly so where separation is based on screens. The complete removal of all suspended matter (total clarification) of an effluent is theoretically possible by settling — a decanter centrifuge will accelerate the process. This can remove most of the phosphorous, especially if coupled with chemical pre-treatment to raise the pH. However, the clarified stream still retains a significant polluting potential in terms of the residual nitrogen content (as ammonia) and potassium. Only membrane separation can greatly reduce the potassium concentration, but such technology is rarely suitable for the farm situation.