近25年来新疆森林的动态变化

新疆森林主要有落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林以及特殊灌木林4种类型,面积约为全疆植被面积的2%,但新疆森林在经济、社会和生态效益等方面却发挥着重要的作用.不同森林类型具有不同的NDVI变化特征,利用GIMMS NDVI数据集首先对新疆植被进行专家分类,然后分析近25年来新疆森林面积、蓄积量和密度的动态变化及其可能原...     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in the reversion process of desertification in arid areas

Sandy soils in arid,rain-fed environments have low and limited water content,which is a principal factor limiting vegetation development,and a key constraint controlling the structure and functions of the ecological systems in arid areas.The spatial heterogeneity of soil water content is a major soil property,and a focus of soil science and hydrology.On the southern edge of the Tengger Desert,sample plots were selected from mobile sand dunes in desertified lands that had been enclosed for 5,15 and 25 years,respectively.This study explored the dynamic and spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in these different layers of soil that were also in the reversion process of desertification.The results showed that the soil water content of the mobile sand dunes was highest when in the initial stages of the reversion process of desertification,while the soil water content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers of soil was 1.769%,3.011%,and 2.967% respectively,presenting a restoring tendency after 25 years of enclosure.There were significant differences,as a whole,in the soil water content among different restoration stages and different soil layers,respectively.Changes in soil water content,in different soil layers,at different restoration stages,exhibited exponential or spherical patterns.The spatial distribution of soil water content exhibited a mosaic patch pattern with obvious spatial heterogeneity.The ratio of the heterogeneity of spatial autocorrelation to gross spatial heterogeneity was greater than 50%.The gross spatial heterogeneity of the 0-20 cm layer of soil improved gradually,while those of the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers improved initially,then weakened in the reversion process of desertification.This study revealed that restoration with sand-binding vegetation reduced soil water content,and increased its spatial heterogeneity in arid areas.However,after 25 years of vegetation-soil system restoration,the soil water content started to increase and its spatial heterogeneity started to weaken.These results will further benefit the understanding of the ecological mechanism between soil water and sand-binding vegetation.     

植物"柔性坝"在不同底坡下水流特性的试验研究

通过室内水槽模型试验,较系统地分析了植物“柔性坝”在交错布置方式下,3种不同底坡对水流的影响.由试验得出,植树后底坡越大,流量对植物坝的壅水影响越不明显,即底坡对植物坝壅水的影响要比流量的影响大.同时通过对相同底坡不同流量下植树前后断面平均流速的分析,说明了植物坝能较好的减小坝前和坝内的水流平均流速,并将流速峰值均匀化.最后从理论上分析了植树前后糙率的变化.     

塔里木河下游生态应急输水植被恢复的遥感监测

利用遥感定量提取技术及植被盖度信息提取模型,通过输水前与输水后喀尔达依地区的两期TM遥感数据植被盖度的对比分析,监测塔河应急输水工程对下游绿色走廊生态环境恢复的效果。结果表明,输水后受水地区植被盖度有较好的恢复;该监测方法技术路线易于实现,且具有宏观、快速、准确的特点,有一定的推广应用价值。     

大兴安岭林区湿地生态水环境失调机理探析

阐述了大兴安岭林区湿地特征和生态水环境失调机理,指出该区大气转暖期的温室效应增加,原始森林被砍伐,湿地排水造林,三者相互制约,促使降水径流加速,冻结滞水层融深和融水量加大,地面蒸发作用增强,并人为加大湿地及其流域内地表积水和地下径流向山地河谷排泄,导致湿地生态水环境失调,由此造成大兴安岭针叶森林、冻结滞水层分布区向北和高海拔退缩,森林生态水环境随之失调恶化。     

冬小麦植被指数变化及其影响因子初探

对冬小麦植被指数(NDVI)变化规律、不同品种冬小麦植被指数差异、农田水肥状况对植被指数的影响以及植被指数与叶面积指数的关系研究结果表明,冬小麦植被指数具有日变化规律,且随冬小麦生长发育而变化,即小麦生长旺盛时植被指数数值较大。不同小麦品种植被指数表现出基本一致的季节变化特点,农田水肥条件交互影响小麦植被指数,水分胁迫时肥料对植被指数的影响明显,而水分满足时肥料对植被指数的影响不明显。     

Effect of summer throughfall exclusion, summer drought, and winter snow cover on methane fluxes in a temperate forest soil

Soil moisture strongly controls the uptake of atmospheric methane by limiting the diffusion of methane into the soil, resulting in a negative correlation between soil moisture and methane uptake rates under most non-drought conditions. However, little is known about the effect of water stress on methane uptake in temperate forests during severe droughts. We simulated extreme summer droughts by exclusion of 168 mm (2001) and 344 mm (2002) throughfall using three translucent roofs in a mixed deciduous forest at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. The treatment significantly increased CH₄ uptake during the first weeks of throughfall exclusion in 2001 and during most of the 2002 treatment period. Low summertime CH₄ uptake rates were found only briefly in both control and exclusion plots during a natural late summer drought, when water contents below 0.15 g cm⁻³ may have caused water stress of methanotrophs in the A horizon. Because these soils are well drained, the exclusion treatment had little effect on A horizon water content between wetting events, and the effect of water stress was smaller and more brief than was the overall treatment effect on methane diffusion. Methane consumption rates were highest in the A horizon and showed a parabolic relationship between gravimetric water content and CH₄ consumption, with maximum rate at 0.23 g H₂O g⁻¹ soil. On average, about 74% of atmospheric CH₄ was consumed in the top 4-5 cm of the mineral soil. By contrast, little or no CH₄ consumption occurred in the O horizon. Snow cover significantly reduced the uptake rate from December to March. Removal of snow enhanced CH₄ uptake by about 700-1000%, resulting in uptake rates similar to those measured during the growing season. Soil temperatures had little effect on CH₄ uptake as long as the mineral soil was not frozen, indicating strong substrate limitation of methanotrophs throughout the year. Our results suggest that the extension of snow periods may affect the annual rate of CH₄ oxidation and that summer droughts may increase the soil CH₄ sink of temperate forest soils.     

施硒对暗棕壤硒状况和森林蔬菜硒积累的影响

以培育富硒森林蔬菜为目标,在暗棕壤上进行了荚果蕨、小叶芹、小根蒜、婆婆丁等4种山野菜施硒试验。硒肥种类为亚硒酸钠,施硒量为0.10~10.00mg kg-1,直接施肥范围为0~15cm表土。经过一个完整的生长周期(1a)后测定土壤和植物硒指标。结果表明,典型暗棕壤对外源亚硒酸钠态硒具有较强吸收与保持能力,从低剂量至高剂量施入的硒有90%~70%以上仍保留在原施硒土层内;其中H2O可溶态硒占全硒的6.03%~3.78%,KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒占全硒的19.36%~37.54%,而且土壤全硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效态硒及H2O可溶态硒皆与最初的施硒量呈线性正相关。在土施强化供硒条件下,4种山野菜均能高量富集硒,其含硒量为对照的1.7~158.9倍;不同植物的富硒能力有差异,它们在递增施硒情况下高量富集硒的变化模式也各有特点。总体来看,山野菜含硒量与施硒量之间为非线性正相关关系,但在一定的较低施硒量范围内这种关系则是线性的,线性范围因植物而异;土壤的可溶态硒、KH2PO4浸提的有效硒甚至全硒等指标与山野菜含硒量之间亦均呈明显的非线性正相关,且施硒量较低时其关系亦表现为线性。初步得出,典型暗棕壤控制施硒是在近自然条件下培育富硒森林蔬菜并获取高富硒生物资源的有效途径;不过,强烈搅动的砂砾质暗棕壤却不利于硒肥保持和植物吸收,不适于富硒森林蔬菜栽培。     

高速公路边坡防护的降雨和径流冲刷试验研究

烧荒,是指人为地点燃田野上的牧草,使其成片焚烧。鉴于烧荒的危害性大,且在农村具有普遍性,针对这一问题,结合沂蒙山区的实际,作了一些探讨,以期能为解决烧荒问题提供一点借鉴。 就沂蒙山区来说,烧荒的主要表现形式有4种。(1)农民在野外上坟烧香燃纸时引起的烧荒,约占总烧荒数的40%;(2)农民在田头焚烧庄稼秸秆时引起的烧荒,约占25%;(3)有些少年在野外点火取乐时引起烧荒,约占15%;(4)农民在野外劳动或