MANCHURIAN ASH SEED BANK AND SEEDLING RECRUITMENT

To understand the natural regeneration of manchurian ash and the seed banks undervarious secondary stands,we have investigated the seed quantity and vitality of major trees in theground floor of the stands.in natural secondary stands and dahurian larch plantations with seedsourcc of manchurian ash around them,the vital seed numbers of valuable trees(mono maple,manchurian ash,amur linden,manchurian linden,manchurian walnut)are 20933/ha and18000/ha respectively.The numbers of manchurian ash seeds are 110OO/ha and 12133/harespectively.It has been found that litter affects the seedling recruitment of manchurian ash.Whenthe seeds were sown on the litter and under the litter respectively,the final seeding recruitment rateswere 17.9 and 28.9％ respectively.The peak of seedling recruitment in the former case occurred oneyear later.     

Spatial variation of seed rain and seed banks in gaps of karst forest in the Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province

Based on an investigation on gaps and non-gap stands of the Maolan National Karst Forest Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of seed rain and seed banks in gaps were analyzed. The results show that the total amount of seed rain was 117.4 ± 32.6 seeds/m² during the period of observation. The number of immature seeds was 56.3 ± 10.3 seeds/m², that of mature damaged seeds was 15.7 ± 4.7 seeds/m², and the number of mature germinated seeds was 45.4 ± 8.2 seeds/m². It is suggested that the seed number is rich for gap regeneration. Seed rain in gaps has spatial and temporal heterogeneities which deeply affect regeneration patterns of gap plants. Along a gradient from the gap center to a non-gap stand, seed density in the litter layer, the number of species, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index were gradually reduced, but these indices increased in the soil. The seed density in the gap center was 2415 ± 639 seeds/m², near the gap center was 2218 ± 421 seeds/m² and at the gap border area 1815 ± 311 seeds/m². This shows that plants in gaps have good latent regeneration potential. In both gaps and non-gap stands, the Jaccard similarity index of seed in litter layer was the largest, second largest at 5–10 cm soil depth, and the least at the 0–5 cm soil layer the index. The Jaccard index between the soil seed bank and the present plant community was large in the litter layer, but decreased with soil depth both in gaps and non-gap stands. The results show that soil seed banks are the main source of gap regeneration in the karst forests of Maolan and contribute significantly to gap regeneration. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2007, 29(3): 327–332 [译自: 云南植物研究]     

不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地土壤种子库的特征研究

对不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地植物土壤种子库物种组成、密度、多样性进行了研究,分析了地上植被与土壤种子库间的相似性关系。结果表明,纳帕海湖滨湿地土壤种子库物种在返青期有26个物种,在枯黄期有7个物种,蕨类植物仅在返青期生长。为旅游＋放牧干扰（Tr）;人工取草皮干扰（AR）和猪拱干扰（PF）3种干扰类型的土壤种子库中的植物物种数在返青期分别为21种、12种和12种;在枯黄期分别为2种、2种和6种。在返青期,1Tr和PF方式下土壤种子库的物种里多年生植物均高于1年生植物,只有AR方式下土壤种子库的物种为1年生植物高于多年生植物;在枯黄期,不同干扰方式下土壤种子库的物种1年生植物都均高于多年生植物,这是由于枯黄期的土壤中以当年产生的种子植物为主。不同时期和干扰方式下土壤种子库的物种为双子叶植物比例均明显高于单子叶植物,说明不同的干扰方式都使得单子叶植物减少。返青期和枯黄期种子库的总密度是PF〉TF〉AR;物种多样性在返青期是Tr〉AR〉PF,在枯黄期为AR〉PF〉Tr。在返青期,TT、AR、PF3种干扰下地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数分别为0．53、0．30、0．44。因此,可以预测3种干扰后植物群落的恢复潜力是Tr〉AR〉PF。故在植被恢复的时候不仅要重视TT后的生态恢复,还要更加重视AR和,丌后的生态恢复。     

内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松土壤种子库研究

对内蒙古大兴安岭成熟兴安落叶松纯林的3种不同采伐林分类型(原始林、渐伐林、皆伐林)的土壤种子库储量、质量及其垂直分布(枯枝落叶层、土层0~5cm和5~10cm)进行了研究,结果表明:不同的采伐林分生长状况,决定了不同的土壤种子储量,渐伐林种子储量最多,皆伐林种子储量最小;从种子库活力程度看,种子整体质量非常差,完整种子中大部分为空粒种子,各林分均为70%左右;土壤种子库中种子集中分布在枯枝落叶层中;各林分林下均有幼苗,表明兴安落叶松纯林土壤种子库种子具有一定的萌发能力。     

小议银行装饰设计的特点

通过对银行装修设计特点的介绍,论述了二十一世纪的现代银行企业发展特征对装修优化设计的要求:通过实施"CI"工程标准,强化了规范化管理,增强了设计实施的力度.     

沙丘丘间低地植被过程研究进展

沙丘丘间低地的空间尺度小、时空变异大、生态过程复杂,植被与环境因子的关系一直受到全球生态学家的关注。通过查阅CNKI和Web of Science中发表的有关丘间低地植被过程的研究文献,对丘间低地植被调查方法和土壤种子库采样方法进行了相对全面的总结,并对重要研究结论进行了整理。指出今后应在4个方面加强研究：① 半干旱沙丘区丘间低地植被过程的研究;② 取样方法的一致性;③ 稀有种和优势种传播及定居过程;④ 放牧对丘间低地植被过程的影响。     

Measurement of spiral grain with computed tomography

Spiral grain is a feature of wood that affects the shape of the sawn timber. Boards sawn from logs with a large spiral grain have a tendency to twist when the moisture content changes. In sawmills the spiral grain in logs is judged manually. For research purposes the spiral grain in stems and logs is normally measured by destructive methods. In this study the spiral grain of the stems was measured nondestructively with a computed tomography (CT) scanner. Twelve Norway spruce (Picea abies) stems from two stands in Sweden were scanned with a CT scanner with one cross-sectional scan every 10mm along the stem. Concentric surfaces at various distances from the pith were reconstructed from the stack of CT images. In these concentric-surface images, which show various internal features of the log. the spiral grain angle was measured at different distances from the pith and at different heights in the stem. The destructive measurements of the spiral grain were carried out on disks from the top ends of the logs. On these disks the spiral grain was measured at different distances from the pith with a protractor. Finally, the results from the destructive method were compared with the results from analysis of the CT images. The nondestructive and destructive measurements were compared in pairs with the same radial and approximately the same height position in each pair. The correlations (r) between the two methods were 0.81 and 0.71. respectively, for the two stands. It was concluded that it is possible to measure the spiral grain angle nondestructively with a CT scanner.An outline of this study was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto     

美国缓解银行制度对我国生态补偿市场化运行的启示

缓解银行是一种第三方补偿机制, 是从自给自足的单用户模式发展而来的商业交易模式, 在美国生态系统服务市场中具有一定的典型性.其交易主要是基于《清洁水法》第404条的许可证制度, 开发者通过向缓解银行购买“信用”而将对湿地的补偿责任转移到缓解银行经营者身上.通过对缓解银行的发展历程和市场运作的回顾与分析以及多维度解读可以发现, 在我国生态补偿市场化运行过程中必须意识到生态补偿市场化的渐进性, 并需要制订严密的市场规则以促进生态系统服务产品市场的发展, 还需要通过相关的法律制度构建来规避市场所带来的道德风险.     

滇西北亚高山地区落叶松-高山栎混交林土壤种子库初步研究

采用随机取样的方法,对滇西北高山地区落叶松-高山栎针阔混交林的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明:亚高山地区落叶松-高山栎针阔混交林土壤种子库由分属9科17属的18种植物的种子组成,种子密度343粒/m2,其中75%的种子分布在0~5 cm的土层中。土壤种子库的物种组成与其地上植被物种组成相关不明显,相关系数仅为0.042 6。其树木群落种子雨由云杉、白桦和高山松等5个树种组成,密度为3 520粒/m2,发生时间集中在每年的9~11月。     

云南蒋家沟流域不同海拔梯度土壤种子库特征

为了解云南蒋家沟流域土壤种子库在不同海拔梯度上的变化特征,明确种子库对植被垂直带谱的响应性机制及群落恢复潜力,选取蒋家沟流域8条海拔带[Ⅰ(2700~2900 m)、Ⅱ(2500~2700 m)、Ⅲ(2300~2500 m)、Ⅳ(2100~2300 m)、Ⅴ(1900~2100 m)、Ⅵ(1700~1900 m)、Ⅶ(1500~1700 m)、Ⅷ(1300~1500 m)]为研究对象,对其植物群落土壤种子库的数量特征、物种组成、物种多样性及种子库相似性进行研究。结果表明:Ⅲ、Ⅱ海拔带的平均物种数和种子密度显著高于Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带,土壤种子库种子密度与物种数量随海拔降低而逐渐减少;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ海拔带的Margalef丰富度指数(M)大于5.000,Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带M小于3.000。种子库萌发物种以菊科和禾本科草本植物为主,海拔2300 m以上以多年生草本植物占优势,海拔2100 m以下则以1年和2年生草本植物占优势。各海拔带物种分布均匀性较好,除Ⅵ海拔带外,其余海拔带Pielou均匀度指数(J)均大于0.900。Ⅲ海拔带的Simpson优势度指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)最高,分别为0.942和3.006;Ⅶ海拔带的D和H最低,为0.810和1.720。除Ⅶ、Ⅷ海拔带以外,其余海拔带的土壤种子库均与临近海拔带种子库相似性最高,Sorensen相似性系数(CS)为0.400≤CS<0.550,且整体上表现为随海拔升高CS逐渐减小的趋势。蒋家沟流域植被群落土壤种子库的变化受海拔梯度的影响,与蒋家沟流域内气候的垂直地带分布具有一定的关系。