基于GIS技术的县域耕地地力评价——以辽宁省铁岭县为例

为摸清铁岭县的耕地资源现状,结合传统耕地地力评价法,提出基于GIS技术的县域耕地地力评价方法。在建立耕地资源基础信息库的基础上,用层次分析法建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型,并按照统一标准对全县耕地进行综合评价和分级,以期为合理利用耕地资源提供参考。     

不同类型桉树人工林土壤种子库特征研究

为揭示土壤种子库在桉树人工林可持续经营与物种多样性恢复中的潜在作用,采用野外调查取样和室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了不同桉林土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、垂直分布等特征。结果表明：（1）新造桉林和桉萌芽林土壤种子库储量密度分别为9 804、7 356粒/m2,显著高于对照大叶栎杂木林土壤种子库储量密度（3 614粒/m2）。（2）新造桉林土壤种子库出现物种共15种,分属于9科;桉萌芽林为8种,分属于7科;大叶栎杂木林为16种,分属于11科。不同林型土壤种子库物种组成均以草本为主,灌木次之。（3）种子库垂直分布格局表明,不同类型森林种子主要储存在枯枝落叶层和浅层土壤中。新造桉林和萌芽林土壤种子库具有较高的生态优势度指数,但丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、均匀度指数及土壤种子库和地上植物的相似性系数均低于对照。桉树人工林物种多样性的提高需要适度的人为干预和科学的调控措施。     

太行山低山丘陵区典型植物群落土壤种子库研究

为了解土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用,以大行山低山丘陵区的酸枣群落、侧柏群落、刺槐群落和栓皮栎群落为对象,通过对4种群落土壤种子库研究,揭示了不同群落类型的土壤种子库的种类组成、多样性特征及种子库物种与地上植被的关系.结果表明:(1)菊科为4个群落地上植被中所共有的科,且所占比例较大;刺槐群落拥有的植物科数和种数最多;4...     

Contribution of trees to soil carbon sequestration under agroforestry systems in the West African Sahel

Consequent to recent recognition of agricultural soils as carbon (C) sinks, agroforestry practices in the West African Sahel (WAS) region have received attention for their C sequestration potential. This study was undertaken in the Ségou region of Mali that represents the WAS, to examine the extent of C sequestration, especially in soils, in agroforestry systems. Five land-use systems were selected in farmers’ fields [two traditional parkland systems, two improved agroforestry systems (live fence and fodder bank), and a so-called abandoned land]. Soil samples taken from three depths (0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, and 40–100 cm) were fractionated into three size classes (2,000–250 μm, 250–53 μm, and <53 μm) and their C contents determined. Whole-soil C contents, g kg⁻¹ soil, across three depths ranged from 1.33–4.69 in the parklands, 1.11–4.42 in live fence, 1.87–2.30 in fodder bank, and 3.69–5.30 in abandoned land; and they correlated positively with silt + clay content. Using the ¹³C isotopic ratio as an indicator of relative contribution of trees (C3 plants) and crops (C4 plants) to soil C, more tree-origin C was found in larger particle size and surface soil and indicated that long-term tree presence promoted storage of protected C in deeper soil. Existing long-standing agroforestry practices of the region such as the parklands seemed to have little advantage for sequestering additional C, whereas improved agroforestry practices such as live fence and fodder bank introduced in treeless croplands seemed to be advantageous.     

Shrub yield and fodder quality variations in a non-tropical dryland environment in West Asia

Integration of shrubs into the smallholder crop-rangeland-livestock farming systems in non-tropical dry areas could reduce feed gaps, rangeland degradation and desertification, but data on yield and fodder quality of most native and exotic shrubs are scanty. The study aimed at identifying shrubs for dryland agroforestry based on agronomic and fodder quality attributes. Fodder and wood yield, percent fodder (FBR) and fodder quality of 26 non-legume shrubs were determined from 6 to 8 months regrowth in north-west Syria. Seed yield was estimated from plants that were not cut. Fodder (31–87 Mg DM ha⁻¹), wood (16-2064 Mg DM ha⁻¹) and seed (0-132 Mg DM ha⁻¹) yield, FBR (24–87%), fodder concentrations of crude protein (69–195 g kg⁻¹.), acid detergent lignin (ADL) (24–109 g kg⁻¹), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (102–267 g kg⁻¹), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (214–526 g kg⁻¹), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (391–526 g kg⁻¹), and in vitro gas production after 24 h of incubation (25–39 ml 200 mg⁻¹ DM) varied (P < 0.05) among the shrubs. Atriplex halimus-halimus and A. herba-alba from Spain, A. canescens, A. ploycarpa and A. lentiformis from USA, A. halimus and A. herba-alba from Syria and A. nummularia from Australia and South Africa had greater potential for development of dryland agroforestry technologies. The promising shrubs could be integrated into the rangeland-crop-livestock systems in non-tropical dryland environs to provide fodder, fuel-wood, shade, medicine, stabilize sand-dunes, and sequester carbon; thereby contributing to mitigation of rangeland degradation and global warming; if major constraints to adoption of fodder trees such as agronomic problems, low multipurpose value, land shortage and quality seed supply could be overcome.     

Spatial variation of seed rain and seed banks in gaps of karst forest in the Maolan Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province

Based on an investigation on gaps and non-gap stands of the Maolan National Karst Forest Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, quantitative characteristics and dynamic changes of seed rain and seed banks in gaps were analyzed. The results show that the total amount of seed rain was 117.4 ± 32.6 seeds/m² during the period of observation. The number of immature seeds was 56.3 ± 10.3 seeds/m², that of mature damaged seeds was 15.7 ± 4.7 seeds/m², and the number of mature germinated seeds was 45.4 ± 8.2 seeds/m². It is suggested that the seed number is rich for gap regeneration. Seed rain in gaps has spatial and temporal heterogeneities which deeply affect regeneration patterns of gap plants. Along a gradient from the gap center to a non-gap stand, seed density in the litter layer, the number of species, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index were gradually reduced, but these indices increased in the soil. The seed density in the gap center was 2415 ± 639 seeds/m², near the gap center was 2218 ± 421 seeds/m² and at the gap border area 1815 ± 311 seeds/m². This shows that plants in gaps have good latent regeneration potential. In both gaps and non-gap stands, the Jaccard similarity index of seed in litter layer was the largest, second largest at 5–10 cm soil depth, and the least at the 0–5 cm soil layer the index. The Jaccard index between the soil seed bank and the present plant community was large in the litter layer, but decreased with soil depth both in gaps and non-gap stands. The results show that soil seed banks are the main source of gap regeneration in the karst forests of Maolan and contribute significantly to gap regeneration. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2007, 29(3): 327–332 [译自: 云南植物研究]     

农村家庭联产承包责任制的土地流转研究

改革开放以来,家庭联产承包责任制对我国农村社会经济的稳定与发展有过功不可没的贡献。但自我国经济体制转向社会主义市场经济以来,这一产生于计划经济年代的制度,其本身的先天不足日显突出,尤其在土地流转方面的缺陷难以满足社会经济发展的需要。因此,创设“土地银行”,构建新的农地流转机制,完善现有农村土地承包制度已经势在必行。     

Weed seeds as nutritional resources for soil Ascomycota and characterization of specific associations between plant and fungal species

Current interest in biological-based management of weed seed banks in agriculture furthers the need to understand how microorganisms affect seed fate in soil. Many annual weeds produce seeds in high abundance; their dispersal presenting ready opportunity for interactions with soil-borne microorganisms. In this study, we investigated seeds of four common broadleaf weeds, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum), and giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), for potential as sources of carbon nutrition for soil fungi. Seeds, as the major source of carbon in an agar matrix, were exposed to microbial populations derived from four different soils for 2 months. Most seeds were heavily colonized, and the predominant 18S rRNA gene sequences cloned from these assemblages were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota. Further, certain fungi corresponded to weed species, regardless of soil population. Relatives of Chaetomium globosum (98–99% sequence identity) and Cordyceps sinensis (99%) were found to be associated with seeds of woolly cupgrass and Pennsylvania smartweed, respectively. More diverse fungi were associated with velvetleaf seeds, which were highly susceptible to decay. The velvetleaf seed associations were dominated by relatives of Cephaliophora tropica (98–99%). In contrast to the other species, only few giant ragweed seeds were heavily colonized, but those that were colonized resulted in seed decay. The results showed that seeds could provide significant nutritional resources for saprophytic microbes, given the extant populations can overcome intrinsic seed defenses against microbial antagonism. Further, weed species-specific associations may occur with certain fungi, with nutritional benefits conferred to microorganisms that may not always result in seed biodeterioration.     

土壤种子库研究进展与展望

土壤种子库是植被生活史过程中的重要生存策略之一,是地上植被种群、群落及生态系统演替过程和发展趋势的重要影响因子。从土壤种子库研究的起源与发展、形成机制、时空分布及其与植被群落的关系以及土壤种子库研究展望等方面展开探讨,分析了土壤种子库研究进展及发展趋势,以为土壤种子库的进一步研究提供借鉴。