高海况漂浮物打捞网具的研究试验

为在高海况下安全打捞落水人员和重要的漂浮物,设计了一种打捞网具。为此研究了打捞过程中船舶行进速度、网口高度、打捞物体吃水深度等参数对打捞网性能影响;通过网具模型试验,模拟网具打捞作业,测试网具在打捞体进网前后力的变化,分析了打捞物体吃水深度与进网匹配性、进网的拖网速度以及网具受到的最大撞击力等。结果显示,试验用打捞体的进网条件受其吃水深度和网具拖速的影响较大。在打捞体吃水深度一定时,打捞体可在拖速≥2.5 kn时顺利进入网内;但当拖速过大,网口垂直扩张系数越小,不利于进网。试验范围内的最大撞击力随着拖速的提高而增大,最大值为27.84 k N。研究表明,网具最大撞击力的参数值对网线材料的选择与强度设计、网具支撑拦截臂架的结构强度计算具有指导意义。     

胭脂鱼早期发育过程中集群行为的形成

为了探讨胭脂鱼个体发育过程中集群行为的发生机理,在20℃水温下,在胭脂鱼孵化后第5天开始至第39天,记录体长,采用视频分析的方法连续观察其游泳行为,计算胭脂鱼的游泳速度(V),相对全长最近邻距离(DNNL),分离游泳指数(ISS),根据胭脂鱼的游泳速度计算基于全长雷诺系数(RL).结果显示,随着日龄的增加,胭脂鱼仔鱼全长呈y=1.26033-0.015 58x+0.003 15x2-(4.849 78E-5)x3增加,游泳速度先增加后降低并趋于稳定,在19日龄后相对全长游泳速度稳定于(2.45 +0.15) TL/s.胭脂鱼仔鱼ISS随着时间显著降低,至第19天时显著低于随机分布预期值,至32天时稳定于最低值;DNNL的变化趋势与ISS相符;表明胭脂鱼仔鱼集群行为于19日龄(1.77 cm全长)开始,至32日龄(2.40 cm全长)时形成紧凑的集群行为.RL随日龄的增加呈y=-607.891 61+156.809 12x-4.212 9x2 +0.037 9x3方程增加,在仔鱼开口期(5-6日龄)即大于200,在19日龄时值为1 111.结果表明,仅从RL的角度不能解释胭脂鱼集群行为的发生,胭脂鱼的集群行为可能更多的与生物学因素如游泳行为有关,其游泳模式随着集群行为的发生由间歇高速游泳向持续巡游游泳转变.     

长丝裂腹鱼的游泳能力和游泳行为研究

鱼类的游泳能力和游泳行为是成功设计过鱼设施的关键。为了探究长丝裂腹鱼（ Schizothorax dolichonema Herzenstein）的游泳能力,以野生长丝裂腹鱼（110.56 g ±35.88g）为对象,测定了它们的临界游泳速度,并记录了测定过程中的游泳行为。研究表明：（1）临界游泳速度为3.04～4.93BL/s;（2）运动耗氧率与游泳速度呈幂函数关系MO 2＝129.67＋15.63 U 2.34（ R 2＝0.983, P＜0.001）,速度指数为2.34,表明能量利用效率相对较低;单位距离能耗（COT）与游泳速度的关系也呈幂函数关系COT＝0.14 U-1＋0.04U0.80（R2＝0.844, P＜0.001）;（3）随着游泳速度的增加,尾摆幅度的变化不显著,变化范围为0.18～0.32 BL,而尾摆频率和运动步长都呈线性增加的趋势。     

Fundamental study on the flow speed distribution around small traps

ABSTRACT:   This study measured the flow speed distribution using actual small traps to investigate the effects of their materials and shapes by analyzing the characteristics of the water flow patterns around them. Five types of trap (netted semi-cylinder shaped, wire semi-cylinder shaped, heart shaped, box shaped, and a cylinder shaped traps) constructed from different materials were used in the experiment. The flow speed distribution around each trap was measured in a flume tank. Flow speeds in the flume tank were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m/s. The webbing of the traps was different in shape and had various diameters of twine. The diameters of twine ranged from 0.55 to 1.00 mm. The relationship between the solidity ratio of the twine and flow distribution of the traps was also analyzed. For the netted semi-cylinder shaped and cylinder shaped traps, the area of reduced flow speed extended along the downstream area and its width slightly increased with distance from the trap's entrance. The heart shaped trap is shown to have the largest solidity ratio and this resulted in a high reduction of the flow speed downstream from the trap.     

Metabolic measurements and parameter estimations for bioenergetics modelling of Pacific Chub Mackerel Scomber japonicus

As a crucial step in developing a bioenergetics model for Pacific Chub Mackerel Scomber japonicus (hereafter chub mackerel), parameters related to metabolism, the largest dissipation term in bioenergetics modelling, were estimated. Swimming energetics and metabolic data for nine chub mackerel were collected at 14°C, a low temperature within the typical thermal range of this species, using variable‐speed swim‐tunnel respirometry. These new data were combined with previous speed‐dependent metabolic data at 18 and 24°C and single‐speed (1 fork length per second: FL/s) metabolic data at 15 and 20°C to estimate respiration parameters for model development. Based on the combined data, the optimal swimming speed (the swimming speed with the minimum cost of transport, U_opt) was 42.5 cm/s (1.5–3.0 FL/s or 2.1 ± 0.4 FL/s) and showed no significant dependence on temperature or fish size. The daily mass‐specific oxygen consumption rate (R, g O₂ g fish^?1 day^?1) was expressed as a function of fish mass (W), temperature (T) and swimming speed (U): R = 0.0103W^?0.490 e^(0.0457T) e^(0.0235U). Compared to other small pelagic fishes such as Pacific Herring Clupea harengus pallasii, Pacific Sardine Sardinops sagax and various anchovy species, chub mackerel respiration showed a lower dependence on fish mass, temperature and swimming speed, suggesting a greater swimming ability and lower sensitivity to environmental temperature variation.     

Spotting ignition of larch(Larix gmelinii) fuel bed by different firebrandsOA

Spot fire increase the difficulty of fire-fighting and threaten public safety, and therefore it is important to study ignition probabilities of fuel bed by different firebrands, in order to understand ignition mechanisms and analyze the formation of spot fires. This will provide an important basis for further study to improve the fire-fighting efficiency and reduce casualties. In this study, the ignition probabilities of larch(Larix gmelinii) fuel beds with different moisture levels and packing ...     

青海湖裸鲤的游泳能力及鱼梯通过效果

本研究采用递增流速法对青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)野生洄游群体和人工养殖1龄、2龄群体的临界游泳速度进行测试,采用固定流速法和人工模拟鱼梯对野生群体的克流能力进行评估.结果显示,野生洄游组的绝对临界游泳速度(Ucrit)(35.73±6.56)cm/s与养殖1龄组(31.66±9.97)...     

5种鱼类标志对草鱼临界游泳速度的影响

采用被动整合雷达标志法(PIT)、切鳍标记、荧光标记、超声波标志和T型标志这5种标志方法对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)进行标记后,测定其临界游泳速度,研究5种不同标记对草鱼游泳能力的影响。将试验草鱼按不同体长分为3组:15~18 cm,18~21 cm,21~25 cm,每个体长组均设置对照组,并分别进行以上5种鱼类标志,测量标志后草鱼的绝对临界游泳速度和相对临界游泳速度。采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据的分析比较。研究结果表明,随着体长增加,草鱼的绝对临界游泳速度增大,相对临界游泳速度减小;超声波标志对3个体长组草鱼的临界游泳速度均有极显著影响(P0.01),标志后草鱼绝对临界游泳速度分别下降18.72%、16.40%、23.15%,相对临界游泳速度分别下降18.95%、17.78%、21.86%;T型标志对15~18 cm体长组草鱼的临界游泳速度有极显著性影响(P0.01),标志后草鱼绝对临界游泳速度下降8.35%,相对临界游泳速度下降9.30%,对体长大于18 cm的草鱼无显著性影响;PIT标志、切鳍标记和荧光标记对这3个体长组草鱼的临界游泳速度均无显著性影响(P0.05)。     

乳山湾、塔岛湾增殖中国对虾适宜放流量的研究

根据1984～1992年乳山湾、塔岛湾中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)放流增殖结果,对增殖适宜量进行研究。结果表明随着放流数量的增加,增殖对虾体长瞬时生长速度参数下降,二者呈负相关关系,关系式为kL     

WBY210型稳定土拌和机液压系统的设计与研究

液压系统是WBY210型稳定土拌和机的重要组成部分,它可以承担和完成拌和机所需的全部功能,准确实现拌和机在各个不同工况时的动作要求。探讨了WBY210型稳定土拌和机的结构组成、工作原理以及整机行走、拌和工作、整机转向、工作装置提升、斗门开闭等液压系统的设计。