蓝色增长背景下的海洋生物生态城市化设想与海洋牧场建设关键技术研究综述

近年来,世界范围内为解决过度捕捞、污染、不可持续的沿岸渔业方式对栖息地、栖息地生态功能以及物种多样性产生的不可逆转破坏,以及传统渔业、养殖业转型难、环境污染大、渔业资源衰退、渔民生计受到威胁等严峻问题,开展了大量的实验与理论研究。其中以FAO提出的"蓝色增长"与我国提出的"海洋牧场"理念框架最具针对性与代表性。伴随着新趋势与理念的产生,相关技术必须及时提供支撑。然而,围绕"蓝色增长"与"海洋牧场"的环境整体性与技术可行性及其关键支撑技术,尚未得到很好的整合与开发。本文通过对学界海洋牧场建设目标、核心工作以及其潜在问题进行梳理,整合目前"蓝色增长"与"海洋牧场"的主流技术,借鉴城市生态学中这一已经发展较为成熟学科的相关技术与体系,提出海洋生物的生态城市化设想及海洋生物生态城镇化设想的海洋牧场选址与规划、生境营造、生物资源增殖与行为控制以及管理四大关键技术,并详细分析了相关技术的实用性与技术整合的实用性,以期为海洋牧场相关研究者提供系统性的技术支撑与参考。     

A Marquesan coral reef (French Polynesia) in historical context: an integrated socio‐ecological approach

• 1. Marine biologists are increasingly aware of the impact that even small human populations can have on coral reefs around the world, while conservationists and fisheries managers have a growing appreciation of the importance of culturally informed management strategies in coral reef conservation efforts. Despite these recognitions, however, examples of integrated field studies are limited.
• 2. In this paper evidence from various disciplines is used to study the interaction between humans and one of the largest reefs in the Marquesas Islands, at Anaho Bay, Nuku Hiva Island, with the aim of assessing possible anthropogenic impacts over time.
• 3. First, it reports on a marine biological survey of the benthic substrates of the bay and the taxonomic composition and spatial distributions of the local fish species. Second, it draws on results from an ongoing archaeological study and integrates these with interviews of village elders to gain a historical perspective on the reef and potential human impacts.
• 4. The biological results indicated that the reef is in a state of decline, although fish densities are moderately high. The archaeological evidence, in turn, demonstrates that human populations have occupied this valley for at least the last 700 years. Throughout this period marine resources have been an important source of both food and raw materials for tools. The archaeological study also highlights aspects of landscape change, both natural and human‐induced, that probably have been detrimental to reef health.
• 5. Using the combined biological and anthropological data, this paper considers the nexus of factors that have led to the current reef conditions and considers management issues for the future. Key in this regard are processes that have initiated erosion and soil run‐off, and fluctuations in the local human populations.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

优良速生树种光皮桦研究进展

介绍了我国优良乡土阔叶树种光皮桦近年来相关研究进展,包括生物学特性、解剖学特性、育苗及造林技术、种群生态学等,并探讨了其应用前景。     

翅果油树研究进展

对翅果油树的植物学、细胞学、分类学、生理生化、生态学和群落学、经济生物学等方面的研究进行了较全面的总结,并提出了今后的研究方向,旨在促进翅果油树的研究和开发.     

景观生态学原理在退化森林生态系统恢复中的应用

概述了国内外景观生态研究现状,介绍了景观生态学原理在研究退化森林生态系统恢复过程中的应用,提出退化森林生态系统景观恢复存在的问题以及所面临的任务。     

生态系统特征的系统科学思考

基于现代系统科学研究的成果,从系统科学的层面对生态系统的特征进行了再探讨,提出了生态系统性质特征的新内涵和认识的新思路,特别是提出了应该从突变论、耗散结构理论、协同学、混沌学、超循环理论和生命系统理论去综合认识生态系统的稳定性问题,它对于人们不管是从生态学的角度研究生态系统,还是从系统科学的角度研究生态系统都有着积极的作用和意义.     

Fire cycle of the Canada's boreal region and its potential response to global change

Interactions of fire cycle and plant species' reproductive characteristics could determine vegetation distribution pattern of a landscape. In Canada's boreal region, fire cycles before the Little Ice Age (c. 1850s) ranged from 30-130 years and 25-234 years afterwards until the settlement period (c. 1930s) when longer fire cycles occurred in response to climatic change and human interference. Analysis indi-cated that fire cycles were correlated with growing season (April-October) temperature and precipitation departure from the 1961-1990 nor-mal, varying by regions. Assuming that wildfires will respond to future warming similar to the manner during the past century, an assess-ment using climatic change scenarios CGCM1, CGCM2 and HadCM2 indicates fire cycles would divert to a range of 80-140 years in the west taiga shield, more than 700 years for the east boreal shield and east taiga shield, and 300-400 years for the boreal plains in 2050.     

沙地云杉生态学研究进展

沙地云杉以其独特的生物学特性及分布生长在干旱的沙质土地上而引人注目,其种的分类地位、个体生态学、种群生态学及群落生态学等方面得到了广泛地研究。但是在自然和人为活动的综合影响下,沙地云杉仍存在着明显的退化趋势,其种群演替和生态学特性仍需进一步地深入研究。     

Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments

In the western United States, mechanical thinning and prescribed fire are common forest management practices aimed at reducing potential wildfire severity and restoring historic forest structure, yet their effects on forest microclimate conditions are not well understood. We collected microclimate data between 1998 and 2003 in a mixed-conifer forest in California's Sierra Nevada. Air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), wind speed, soil heat flux, and soil volumetric moisture were measured at the center of 18 four-ha plots. Each plot was assigned one of six combinations of thinning and burning treatments, and each treatment was thus given three replications. We found that spatial variability in microclimate, quantified as standard deviations among monthly values of each microclimatic variable across different locations (n ≤ 18), was significantly high and was influenced primarily by elevation and canopy cover. The combination of thinning and burning treatments increased air temperature from 58.1% to 123.6%. Soil temperatures increased in all thinned plots. Air moisture variables indicated that treatments made air drier, but soil moisture increased in the range 7.9–39.8%, regardless of treatment type. PAR increased in the range 50.4–254.8%, depending on treatment type. Treatments combining thinning and burning increased wind speed by 15.3–194.3%. Although soil heat flux increased dramatically in magnitude in some plots, overall treatment effects on G were not statistically significant. We discussed the significance and implications of the spatial variability of microclimate and the treatment effects to various ecological processes and to forest management.     

大姚县城绿地系统规划研究及评价

基于景观生态学原理对大姚县城近、中、远期的的公园绿地、生产绿地、防护绿地、附属绿地及其他绿地进行规划,并用景观生态学的多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和斑块破碎度、斑块密度、廊道密度6个指标对该绿地系统规划的景观格局进行评价.结果表明,到规划期末,县城绿地系统景观异质性增大,优势度降低,均匀度增加,破碎度提高,斑块密度降低,廊道密度上升,景观格局趋于合理.