Evaluation of the fire endurance of mechanically graded timber in bending

AbstractThis study examined the performance of mechanically graded timber in bending when exposed to fire at various load ratios. The test specimens were 150 pieces, each with the dimensions of 60 × 120 × 3500mm. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 150 specimens was measured, and 60 among them were selected to formulate the prediction equation for MOE and modulus of rupture (MOR), which was used to predict the remaining 90 specimens. These were tested under fire exposure in bending using three-point loading at 11.1%, 16.7%, 33.3%, 66.7%, and 83.3% of the ultimate load. Using mechanically graded timber, which means acknowledging the actual strength of the bending member, permits fairly precise application to the targeted design load. This research confirmed that mechanically graded timber under fire exposure has the following tendencies: under the same load ratio, time to failure is independent of strength class, and, at any load ratio, the critical strength is dependent on the timber strength class. The obtained design bending strength under fire exposure using the reduced cross section method and the reduced strength method conformed to those calculated based on Eurocode 5. Following those findings, mechanically graded timber can be applied to obtain the design bending strength when taking into account the fire attack.     

环保阻燃中密度纤维板技术研究

利用硅藻土和林区三剩物为主要原料,添加复合型阻燃剂,采用常规热压方法制作成具有阻燃、可消除室内有毒气体等多功能环保型阻燃中密度纤维板;采用单因素水平分析方法分析了阻燃剂的用量对新型纤维板材物理力学性能、吸湿性、甲醛释放量及阻燃性能的影响,并优化出最佳工艺条件,当阻燃剂磷酸二氢铵的添加量为6%时,板材的理化性能达到国家标准GB/T 11718—2009的相关要求,燃烧性能达到GB/T 18958—2013规定的难燃B,级,60 s内燃烧长度为142 mm,600 s内总放热量为3.5 MJ。     

Tree-ring: a suitable implement for spatial and temporal fire distribution analysis in savanna woodland and dry forest

Based on 120 stem discs collected during3 months of fieldwork along a 12 km route,the history of fires in the Wari Maro Forest(09 1000 N–02 1000E) over the past century in savanna woodland and dry forest was reconstituted.Three major ecological areas are characterized:one highly burnt zone located between two relative less burnt areas.By analyzing tree rings,246 fire scars were identified.The scars were caused by 51 fire years,occurring at a mean interval of 2.23 years.From 1890 to1965,only 6 years with fires were recorded from sampled trees.Since 1966,no year has passed without fire.The fire frequency point scale reached 14 years.This was the case of Burkea africana,which has been identified as a species tolerant to fire and could be planted to create a natural firewall.In contrast,Anogeissus leiocarpa is highly sensitive to fire,and in a dry forest ecosystem that burns seasonally,it requires a special conservation plan.Two new concepts are described:the rebarking of trees after fire and Mean Kilometer Fire Interval.The first concept was tested with Daniellia oliveri(Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz trees,and the second concept was used to evaluate spatial fire distribution.We demonstrate that savanna woodland and dry forest were subject to a degradation process caused by destructive fires related to vegetation cover clearance and illegal logging.     

卫星遥感技术在林火管理与研究中的应用(英文)

卫星遥感已经成为森林火险等级预测、可燃物和火烧区制图、林火监测和火生态研究的一个主要数据来源。本文综述了这些研究领域的研究成果,分析了未来林火管理中采用的卫星遥感技术的发展趋势。根据卫星遥感数据制取的可燃物分布图可以满足林火管理在空间和时间尺度上的需要。单独采用遥感数据或结合地面气象数据可以生成一些火险指数,用于森林火险的预报。目前NOAA 和MODIS 卫星由于有高的时间分辨率已被广泛用于林火探测和监测,这些监测结果可以在许多林火网站上见到,这为世界各地的林火管理和研究提供了重要的参考资料。作为低成本的有效工具, 卫星遥感技术在确定火烧面积和过火区制图上发挥了重要作用。遥感技术的发展也可以用来推断火烧时间和估计火烧程度。卫星遥感也非常适合用来估计生物燃烧面积,这是估计全球或区域生物燃烧排放量和理解火对全球变化的影响的基础。本文还讨论了林火研究中采用的卫星类型。文章最后建议中国需要在卫星遥感技术的应用上进一步发展,提高我国的林火管理水平。参71。     

基于信息融合的粮食仓库火灾报警系统设计

以AT89C52单片机为核心设计了一种基于湿度、烟雾和温度检测的粮食仓库火灾报警系统。该报警系统可采集来自粮食仓库的湿度、烟雾和温度信号,并利用信息融合技术对其进行分析和处理。实践证明,该系统提高了粮食仓库火灾报警的准确性和可靠性。     

Behavior as a tool for assessing a managed landscape: a case study of the Karner blue butterfly

In an increasingly human-dominated landscape, effective management of disturbance-maintained ecosystems, such as grasslands and savannas, is critical to the conservation of biodiversity. Yet, the response of individual organisms to landscapes created by disturbances and management is rarely studied. In this study, we examined the endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis, in a heterogeneous oak savanna. Our objective was to quantify the butterfly’s habitat use and behavior to assess the effects of prescribed burning. The oak savanna management in Ohio, USA divides each Karner blue site (n = 4) into three units. Each one-third unit is then burned, mowed, or unmanaged in an annual rotation within each site, and the result is a fire return interval of ~3 years. Our surveys measured habitat use, while behavior observations quantified reproduction and foraging for the two annual broods. Our habitat use results showed burned treatments were recolonized quickly, but there was not a clear selection for burned treatments. Foraging rates were similar in all treatments; however, females oviposited significantly less in unmanaged treatments (only 5 of 127 ovipositions). This oviposition preference was likely due to habitat degradation and the availability of recently burned, early successional habitat. Since Karner blues avoided reproduction in units unburned for ≥4 years, these units could be burned to create high quality early successional habitat. These results demonstrate how behavioral decisions can be pivotal forces driving spatial population dynamics. Our case study demonstrates how a fine-scale landscape perspective combined with measurements of behavioral processes can assist with management decision-making.     

一种多段式多驱动火灾逃生装置的设计与分析

城市建筑楼层分布比较密集,发生火灾时外部消防救援能力有限,而且由于防盗网的存在大幅影响了消防人员的营救行动.笔者设计的多驱动火灾逃生装置,它既可以实现多人同时逃生,也能结合防盗网多次重复使用,且使用者能及时应对突发情况.新型火灾逃生装置解决了传统火灾逃生装置局限性大、安全性低的弊端,并与防盗装置进行较好结合,具有很高的...     

川西南重点林区生物防火隔离带建设现状及策略

根据峨边彝族自治县森林防火现状,分析了其目前存在森林资源丰富、防火树种较单一、可燃物增多、火源管控难和阻隔系统建设缓慢等现状,并提出了提高阻隔网络密度,以生物防火隔离带建设为重点的策略。同时对生物防火隔离带选址、防火树种选择、防火树种的配置等问题进行了初步探索。生物防火隔离带分4种配置模型进行建设,根据森林资源分布特点、自然条件等情况,合理布局,彻底解决生物防火隔离带零空白状态、阻隔网络密度过低等问题,构建一个全新的森林防火阻隔网络,真正达到提升峨边彝族自治县森林防火防控能力和减少森林火灾损失率的目的。