根系吸水模型模拟覆膜旱作水稻气孔导度

为构建覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,进一步改进气孔导度模型,该文在湖北十堰开展包含3个水分处理(淹水、覆膜湿润和覆膜旱作栽培)的田间试验,分析覆膜旱作水稻蒸腾(根系吸水)与根长之间的关系,在此基础上建立覆膜旱作水稻根系吸水模型,并将其代替彭曼(Penman-Monteith,PM)方程来估算蒸腾强度,进而与脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)参与调控的气孔导度模型耦合,模拟覆膜旱作条件下水稻气孔导度的日变化过程。结果表明,水稻蒸腾与根长呈线性正比关系(R~2=0.96,P0.05),据此建立的根系吸水模型可以较好地模拟覆膜旱作水稻的蒸腾(根系吸水)规律,使蒸腾强度模拟值和实测值间的相对误差基本控制在15%以内;经改进后的Tardieu-Davies气孔导度模型(TD模型)可有效描述不同土层根系吸水流中的ABA浓度及不同根系层ABA的合成对木质部蒸腾流中总ABA含量的贡献,可较好地模拟气孔导度的日变化过程。改进TD模型大大提高了模拟精度,使相对误差不超过7.0%。该研究可为覆膜旱作水稻生理节水机理和水分利用效率评估提供一定的理论依据。     

The effect of some watershed,soil characteristics and morphometric factors on the relationship between the gully volume and length in Fars Province,Iran

A survey consisting of 146 first order gullies selected from five sites with different land use, soil and watershed properties was carried out to estimate the parameters of the empirical power function in order to describe the relationship between the gully volume and length in Fars province, Iran. Subsequently, the gullies were clustered into seven groups (“A” to “G”) based on nine morphometric factors. The linearized functions were fitted to the natural logarithms of the volume and length in each group and the parameters “a” and “b” were determined. The obtained “a” and “b” parameters are in the ranges of 1.0–10.8 and 0.8–1.4, respectively. Comparison of “a” and “b” parameters in each group with the mean of nine factors and the mean soil, watershed and land use characteristics in each group showed that the gully volume and average cross section are correlated with the gully depths in different sections and the gully head slopes. Also it was shown that the parameters of fitted functions to the plots of gully volumes versus gully lengths are proportional to width at the gully heads. The gully widths at the top and bottom of the five meter sections are correlated with the average upstream watershed area of the gullies.     

微孔曝气流量与曝气管长度对水体增氧性能的影响

为了探究曝气流量与曝气管长度对增氧性能的影响,在不同曝气流量、不同曝气管长度条件下进行了室内水体底部微孔曝气增氧试验。分析了曝气流量与曝气管长度对氧体积传质系数、增氧量和氧利用率的影响。研究结果表明,当曝气流量为0.27~0.55 m3/s、曝气管长为0.9~1.5 m时,所对应的氧体积传质系数在0.63~1.1 h-1变化,增氧量在6.8~12.9 g/h变化,氧利用率在6.87%~9.28%变化,且在一定的曝气管长度下,氧体积传质系数、增氧量均与曝气流量成正比,而氧利用率则与其成反比关系;在一定的曝气流量下,曝气管长度对氧体积传质系数产生的影响表现为先高后低再高的趋势;氧体积传质系数与修正的饱和溶解氧浓度是否作为增氧量的主要影响因子取决于曝气管长度;曝气流量对氧利用率较曝气管长度更为敏感。研究还发现,微孔曝气系统中存在着最优曝气管长度,使得增氧性能最佳,并建立了最优曝气管长度与曝气流量、水深、输入压力、最优初始气泡直径的相关关系式,为低碳经济下微孔曝气系统的设计和运行提供了理论依据。     

农田耕作措施对近地表风沙运动的影响

我国北方传统耕作模式的犁耕、耙磨及磨平整地措施对农田近地表风沙活动影响显著。通过对春季半干旱沙区农田风沙活动的观测,本文对犁耕、耙磨磨平两种处理下近地表0~60 cm内输沙率和风沙流结构随田块长度的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,耙磨磨平处理破坏了犁耕在农田地表形成的非可蚀性土块结构,使近地表0~60 cm内输沙率增大,在强沙尘事件中增加幅度可达数10倍。犁耕地表上输沙率随田块长度的增加呈指数关系递增,而耙磨磨平后风沙流发育的饱和路径长度减小,在强沙尘事件中近地表输沙率随田块长度的增加而递减。此外,上风向处犁耕地表低层输沙比例(Q0-10/Q0-60)小于耙磨磨平地表,且随田块长度的增加逐渐增大,而耙磨磨平后风沙流结构随田块长度的变化不大。     

基于SRTM的地形因子提取方法研究

地形是影响土壤侵蚀的重要因子,在侵蚀估算模型中常用坡度和坡长(LS)来衡量,在大区域上常基于数字高程模型(DEM)提取.SRTM作为大区域尺度上质量高、易获取的高程数据,在全球土壤侵蚀评价中得到广泛应用.但现有地形因子提取算法要求高程和栅格单元的单位(通常为m)一致,需对SRTM进行坐标变换才能使用.针对大区域上SRT...     

不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

Genetic diversity in Cynara cardunculus revealed by AFLP markers: comparison between cultivars and wild types from Sicily*

Genetic diversity in 49 plants of 16 accessions representing one wild and two cultivated taxa of Cynara cardunculus L. (wild cardoon, cultivated cardoon and globe artichoke) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) analysis. Four pairs of primers identified a total of 264 scorable loci, 196 of which were polymorphic. The number of markers scored per primer combination ranged from 41 to 107, with an average of 66 markers per primer combination. All the primer combinations detected polymorphism. The data were used for cluster analysis and AMOVA. The clusters obtained are in agreement with the current botanical classification and the differences among the taxa were substantial. The eco‐geographical groups within wild cardoon are clearly separated in relative subclusters, and reflect the geography of the collection areas. The six clones of the four cultivated artichoke varieties were clearly separated into four subclusters, corresponding to the current classification which is based on morphological traits. The results obtained may have a direct and important bearing on plant genetic resource conservation and management and on breeding.     

不同温度对大豆种子萌发影响的研究

通过对东农42、东农43、东农163、合丰25、绥农10号采用六种发芽温度4℃、8℃、12℃、15℃、20℃、25℃下温度对大豆种子萌发影响的研究,表明：4℃、8℃温度过低,在调查期间种子一直没有发芽。其它几个温度的发芽率以15℃为最高,12℃为最低,同前人研究发芽率随温度升高而升高不同。同一温度不同品种的发芽率、平均芽长在品种间差异显著,说明种子萌发受遗传因素影响,同一品种不同温度之间的平均芽长随温度的升高依次升高。实验的研究有利于确定大豆的田间播种温度,为适时早播,保证田间种子的发芽,出苗,成苗,及时的成熟提供依据,并为最终的高产奠定基础。     

AFLP分子标记在玉米优良自交系优势群划分中的应用

本文利用AFLP分子标记技术研究了17个玉米优良自交系的遗传多样性, 4个AFLP引物组合分别扩增出30、 30、 44、 41条多态性带, 平均每个引物组合扩出36.25条带, 4个引物组合共扩增出145条带, 每一个引物组合都可将17个自交系完全分开。 利用AFLP数据、 进行聚类分析, 将17个优良自交系聚为6群, 结果表明, 用AFLP标记进     

亏缺灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨产量与根系生长的影响

研究了亏缺灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨树营养生长、果实生长与吸收根系分布的影响。香梨的生育中期,设计了4种土壤水分亏缺(灌前土壤水势下限):轻度胁迫(-100 kPa)、中度胁迫(-200 kPa)、重度胁迫(-300 kPa)和对照(-50 kPa)。灌溉系统为地表滴灌。试验结果表明,亏缺灌溉显著地减少了夏季剪枝量,提高了果实产量。充分灌溉条件下,香梨树根长密度从树行由内向外呈递减趋势,滴灌促进了湿润体内的吸收根系的发育;距树行0.5 m,根长密度随着深度的增加而减少;距树行1 m至1.5 m,根长密度随着深度的增加而增加;距树行2 m的非灌溉区,根长密度在垂直方向上变化不显著。为适应滴灌湿润体内水分胁迫,香梨树在湿润体内及非灌溉区的吸收根系的分布均发生了显著的调整。适度水分胁迫下的根长密度增加对香梨产量有促进作用。