Imidacloprid-induced hormesis on the fecundity and juvenile hormone levels of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

Pesticide-induced hormesis may be an alternative mechanism for pest resurgence which is a serious problem in agriculture. Confirmation of the general phenomenon of hormesis may have significant implications for the design of pest control strategies and pest resistance management practices, although this has proved difficult due to the lack of appropriate methodology and the absence of well-defined mechanisms to support the experimental observations. In this study, a model-based approach to describe a dose-response relationship incorporating the hormetic effect was applied to the detection and estimation of imidacloprid-induced hormesis in the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The results indicated that imidacloprid at low concentrations induced stimulation of fecundity, however, high concentrations inhibition. This was reflected in an inverted U-shaped curve and related to the change of juvenile hormone III (JH III) levels in M. persicae. Fitting the data with quadratic and Weibull functions, which included a parameter for hormesis, showed that the magnitude of the hormetic effect was 31.31% for fecundity and 32.21% for JH III levels. The presence of hormesis in fecundity induced by imidacloprid may be related to the change in JH III levels in M. persicae.     

不同猪瘟免疫程序对仔猪母源抗体水平的影响

本研究采用猪瘟病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,对应用不同猪瘟免疫程序的猪场进行仔猪母源抗体水平检测。结果显示,在20日龄以内仔猪母源抗体的OD630平均值和阳性率均维持较高的水平,仔猪能够获得较好的母源抗体保护,避免猪瘟病毒的早期感染。随着日龄增长,仔猪母源抗体逐渐下降,尤其在断奶后一周(30~40日龄)下降趋势最为显著。本研究可为本地区规模化猪场猪瘟免疫程序的制定尤其是仔猪首免日龄的确定提供参考依据。     

温度对大豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在5种不同温度条件下研究了大豆蚜有效积温、发育起点温度、繁殖力等生物学特性。结果表明,大豆蚜各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而显著缩短,若虫发育明显受到低温抑制。10℃下发育历期最长为22.08d,15、20、25、30℃分别为14.04,10.67,9.92和6.71d。相对低温同时也抑制大豆蚜繁殖能力,10℃下平均产仔量和日产仔量均为最小,分别为15.73头和1.23头/d。 20和25℃下大豆蚜繁殖力较强,平均每天产仔量分别为27.87和27.36头。通过直线回归分析,得出大豆蚜1龄若虫发育起点温度最高为2.0268℃,有效积温为38.4216日度,大豆蚜世代发育的起点温度为1.6587℃,有效积温为202.7879日度。     

Effect of water management on dry seeded and puddled transplanted rice. Part 1: Crop performance

An alarming rate of ground water depletion and increasing labour scarcity are major threats to future rice production in north west India. Management strategies that reduce the irrigation amount and labour requirement while maintaining or increasing yield are urgently needed. Dry seeded rice (DSR) has been proposed as one means of achieving these objectives, but little is known about optimal water management for DSR. Therefore a field study was conducted on a clay loam soil in Punjab, India, during 2008 and 2009, to investigate the effects of irrigation management on the performance of puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and dry seeded rice. Irrigation scheduling treatments were based on soil water tension (SWT) ranging from ponding/saturation (daily irrigation) to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) with irrigation thresholds of 20, 40 and 70 kPa at 18–20 cm soil depth. Rainfall was above average and well distributed in 2008 (822 mm), and average and less well distributed in 2009 (663 mm).     

冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成

为探讨华北平原冬小麦节水栽培适宜灌溉模式及其产量形成与资源利用规律,2004—2008连续4年在同一地块比较春不灌水(I₀)、春灌1水(I₁)和春灌2水(I₂) 3种灌溉模式对冬小麦水氮利用特性与产量形成的影响。在均实行晚播和一次性底施氮量157.5 kg hm^-2条件下,各模式年际间籽粒产量稳定,I₀、I₁和I₂模式的4年平均产量分别为6 134、7 515和8 134 kg hm^-2,平均总耗水量分别为3 334、3 829和4 270 m³ hm^-2,平均总吸氮量分别为162.5、197.9和212.2 kg hm^-2。在耗水构成中,土壤贮水消耗占总耗水量的比例分别为66.7%、49.2%和37.8%。3种灌溉模式的水分利用效率达1.9~2.0 kg m^-3,灌溉模式间无显著差异;氮素利用效率在3个灌溉模式间也无显著差异,平均为38.0 kg kg^-1 N。3种灌溉模式主茎穗占成穗数比例平均为81%,开花期上三叶叶面积指数2.6~3.8,旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积指数2.7~3.6。综合以上结果,冬小麦3种灌溉模式及其配套技术形成的群体结构可在不同产量水平上实现水、氮资源高效利用。     

鄯善山北地区葡萄生长发育特点和传统沟灌灌溉制度调查研究初报

通过对吐鲁番地区鄯善县火焰山山北地区主要气象要素年变化特征、28年树龄无核白葡萄年生长周期内生长发育特点、栽培葡萄生长发育有效积温变化特征和规律及试验点生产中所采用的传统灌溉制度和灌溉定额的调查研究,建立了试验地区有效积温与天数的相关模型,得到无核白葡萄发育进程中进入不同物候期所需要的有效积温参数,同时,通过对试验点传统灌溉模式下,成龄无核白葡萄灌水时间和灌水定额的调查分析,初步提出了该地区葡萄节水灌溉应注意的几个关键问题.     

不同灌水方式的辣椒灌溉制度设计

将模拟灌溉制度的ISAREG模型与灌水方式相结合研究辣椒常规沟灌和隔沟灌条件下的灌溉制度。对不同灌水方式条件下灌溉制度模拟所需的各项参数进行了预处理和验证,分析评价了辣椒2个试验处理的实际灌溉制度,在此基础上根据辣椒的需水特性进行了多组合灌水方案设计,分别得到了现状供水状况下和不受灌水日期约束时的优选灌溉制度。     

南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体繁殖力研究

根据2017年灯光罩网船在南海海域采集的鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)微型群雌性样本,进行繁殖力特性的测定分析。结果显示,南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体潜在繁殖力为1218~32843 cell,卵巢卵母细胞数为1178~30397 cell,输卵管成熟卵子数为113~2904 cell。相对繁殖力为48.93~842.12 cell/g,总体潜在繁殖投入指数为0.005~0.213。潜在繁殖力与胴长呈幂函数关系,与体重呈线性相关关系。相对繁殖力与胴长呈指数函数关系,与体重呈线性相关关系。潜在繁殖投入指数与胴长和体重均呈线性相关关系。产卵繁殖期,雌性个体的分批繁殖力为1895~2904 cell,产卵批次为6~15,平均值为9.87±4.36。卵巢卵母细胞的卵径范围为0.17~0.99 mm,均值为(0.51±0.14) mm,不同性腺成熟度之间的卵径存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。Ⅲ~Ⅵ期的卵巢卵母细胞卵径大小均呈单峰值区间分布,随性腺发育峰值区间呈前移趋势,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期时峰值区间为0.35~0.60 mm,Ⅴ~Ⅵ期为0.40~0.75 mm。输卵管成熟卵子的卵径为0.50~ 1.08 mm。研究表明,南海鸢乌贼微型群雌性个体繁殖力随个体生长发育呈增长趋势,卵巢卵母细胞为批次发育成熟,产卵活动为分批次产卵。     

Quality changes in successive generations of the millet stem borer,Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae), in northern Ghana

Studies were conducted in northern Ghana in 1996 and 1997 to assess any changes in the quality of insects in different generations of the millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), over the growing season. The goal was to determine if, and to what extent, such changes are responsible for observed differences in the sizes of populations of successive generations of the insect. Pupae from diapause larvae gave rise to adults that were significantly smaller and had lower reproductive rates than those derived from non-diapause larvae. There were, however, no significant differences between the non-diapause generations for all the quality indicators studied. The results suggest that observed differences in the sizes of generations developing fromnon-diapause anddiapause larvae of C. ignefusalis are, at least, partly due to differences in the inherent quality of individuals of these generations.     

抗旱节水剂对果树生长及灌溉制度的研究

通过对保水剂和旱地龙这两种抗旱节水剂在苹果生长上的试验研究,分析了抗旱节水剂集成应用对土壤含水率、苹果产量、苹果品质(主要指可溶性固形物)的影响。结果表明,施用抗旱节水剂可增加土壤含水率和果实品质,增产达13365 06～19036 58kg/hm2,增加纯经济效益20570～34750元/hm2;水分利用效率提高,每1hm2节水892m3,同时对抗旱节水剂应用条件下的果树灌溉制度进行了研究,提出了不同降雨年型的灌溉制度。