Population demography and fecundity do not decline with habitat fragmentation in the rainforest tree Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae)

Habitat fragmentation is often associated with reduced levels of fitness and local extinction of plant species, and consequently poses a major threat to the persistence of species worldwide. The majority of demography-based fragmentation studies to date have focussed primarily on fragmentation impacts on individual plant fecundity. Here we investigate the impact of habitat fragmentation on the demography (plant height classes and density) and key population dynamic processes for the rainforest tree species Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae). Raceme and fruit production and seedling emergence across fragmented sites exceeded that in more intact sites with no apparent difference in short-term mortality rates. Fecundity of flowering trees did not appear to be affected by fragmentation. Instead, overall reproductive output in fragmented sites was enhanced relative to undisturbed sites due to a higher proportion of reproductively active individuals. The probability of flowering and fruiting was negatively correlated with the projected foliage cover (PFC) surrounding individual trees, and average PFC was significantly lower in small and medium fragments, suggesting light availability as a potential contributor to the trends observed here.This study demonstrates that the short-term effects of habitat fragmentation on population viability may not necessarily be detrimental for some species, and highlights the importance of assessing not only the fecundity of flowering individuals but also the proportion of individuals reproducing within fragments.     

Efficiently mapping an appropriate thinning schedule for optimum carbon sequestration: An application of multi-segment goal programming

Thinning is an important strategy for carbon sequestration in forest management. Linear programming (LP) and goal programming (GP) can only set fixed parameters for the left hand side constraints, which are incapable of simulating different thinning intensities at thinned stands to map an appropriate thinning schedule for optimum carbon sequestration efficiently. However, multi-segment goal programming (MSGP) with the flexibility to set multi-level parameters can be applied by forest managers to quickly choose an appropriate level from different thinning intensities.The purpose of this study was to combine MSGP with LP to efficiently adopt thinned area and thinning intensity together as decision variables. In a demonstrated case, an appropriate thinning schedule for three age-classes was chosen from 768 combinations of thinning intensity in just one step. Each age-class was allocated well such as practicing medium thinning intensity on young age-class and strong thinning intensity on the old age-class. Totally 1379643.03 tons of carbon sequestration was obtained after two planning horizons, which was 34.75% higher than no thinning. Besides, a stable supply of wood form thinning is made for carbon sequestration in each period and the stocking of each age-class is also improved.     

冬小麦水分利用效率与最优灌溉制度的研究

针对不同水分处理对冬小麦产量和耗水特性的影响，在大田生产条件下对冬小麦进行了非充分灌溉试验，以冬小麦大田试验数据为基础，采用最小二乘法拟合了冬小麦水分生产函数；通过耗水资料的分析整理，揭示了冬小麦的水分效应及耗水规律；依据动态规划原理，建立了冬小麦最优灌溉制度动态模型，提出了两种水文年型(50%和75%)的冬小麦节水灌溉模式，对北方冬麦区田间管理具有一定的指导意义。     

斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae BJ对森林革蜱产卵量及其侵入部位的研究

用线虫浓度为8000 IJ/ml的斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae BJ品系侵染森林革蜱饱血雌蜱。实验期间统计饱血雌蜱的产卵量,用解剖镜观察线虫进入蜱体内的部位。结果表明,经线虫侵染后,平均每只蜱的产卵量为(327.0±11.0)个,而对照中每只蜱的产卵量为(4420.6±282.6)个;经线虫侵染后饱血雌蜱的死亡率高达90%。线虫的侵染使雌蜱的产卵量显著减少。线虫主要从蜱的口器、肛门、气门和生殖孔及节间膜处入侵。     

自动化加热排湿烤烟房烘烤工艺初探

自动化加热排湿烤烟房是近年来中国烟草发展的一个主题,为了探明该烤烟房配套的烘烤工艺,依据现有烘烤理论和自动化加热排湿烤烟房的研究结果,设置自动供热排湿热风循环烤房的烘烤工艺,以传统的三阶段烘烤工艺为对照进行了烘烤比较。结果表明:设置的烘烤工艺阶段简单,操作方便,烟叶烘烤后,比三阶段烘烤工艺烘烤的烟叶桔黄烟比例、上等烟比例、上中等烟比例分别增3.38、4.74、2.03个百分点,鲜干比增高0.03,均价提高0.53元/kg;总糖、淀粉、总氮、烟碱、烟碱氮、蛋白质的含量及总糖与还原糖的差值有所降低,烟叶化学成分更为协调。     

BMPR-IB基因作为绵羊多胎性能候选基因的研究

利用BMPR-IB基因作为湖羊、小尾寒羊及中国美利奴(新疆型)多胎类型多胎性能候选基因,采用PCR-RFLP方法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析该基因在湖羊、小尾寒羊和中国美利奴(新疆型)多胎类型中的多态性,并与其产羔数进行相关性分析,结果3种羊在BMPR-IB基因编码序列746碱基处均检出与BooroolaMerino相同的A→G突变,可分为3种基因型(BB型、B 型和 型)。湖羊中几乎全部为BB基因型;小尾寒羊中以BB和B 基因型为主;中国美利奴(新疆型)多胎类型中以B 基因型为主;BMPR-IB基因与产羔数显著相关,是上述3种羊的多胎主效基因。     

河套灌区加工型番茄膜下滴灌技术研究

试验设计采用9个水分处理,探讨对加工型番茄产量的影响,从而寻求最佳的膜下滴灌灌溉制度。结果表明,随着灌溉定额和滴水次数的增加,产量随之增加,但在番茄需水敏感期(开花期、结果期)滴水次数过少,会严重影响产量。建议试验区加工型番茄膜下滴灌灌溉制度为:滴水10~12次,灌溉定额2 100~3 000 m3/hm2。     

基于超平面实码遗传算法的灌溉制度优化设计

针对传统实码遗传算法(RGA)在求解等式约束的优化问题时，存在精度低、易早熟的缺点，该文提出了超平面实码遗传算法(HRGA)，在超平面内进行各种遗传操作的运算，并将改进后的遗传算法应用于作物最优灌溉制度问题之中。计算结果表明：应用超平面遗传算法解决等式约束的优化问题，不但方法简单、计算速度快，而且寻优精度明显高于传统实码遗传算法，大大提高了算法的性能，有较高的推广应用价值。     

基于RAGA-DP的饲草料作物非充分灌溉制度优化模型

中国北方牧区水资源极其匮乏,灌溉饲草料基地优化配水时,通过对非充分灌溉条件下饲草料作物进行灌溉制度优化可以有效地提高水分利用率及作物产量。该文采用基于实数编码的加速遗传算法（RAGA）与多维动态规划法（DP）相结合,建立了遗传动态规划（RAGA-DP）模型,对内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原区灌溉饲草料地非充分灌溉条件下青贮玉米、披碱草和苜蓿进行了灌溉制度优化,试验验证结果较好,有效地解决了有限水量条件下不同生育期进行优化配水的问题,并通过相对产量与供水量、水分生产率函数和边际产量的关系得到了3种作物的适宜供水量范围。该模型解决了多维动态规划法在作物非充分灌溉条件下灌溉制度优化过程中的早熟现象及易陷入局部最优而难于求得真正最优解的问题。     

Effect of cultivation and within-field differences in soil conditions on feral Helianthus annuus growth in ridge-tillage maize

Differences in weed population dynamics with respect to within-field heterogeneity are not well documented despite increasing interest in site-specific management of agro-ecosystems. The focus of this study was to determine if mechanical weed management (cultivation) and/or soil factors help to explain observed within-field distributions of feral common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The ridges and furrows created by the ridge–tillage system adds additional microsites to existing spatial heterogeneity for soil characteristics such as soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Experimental areas were selected on the basis of naturally high or low SOC concentration. Cultivation resulted in 100% mortality of H. annuus seedlings growing in the middle of furrows. Cultivation of pre-emergence herbicide treated and no-herbicide ridges resulted in small but statistically significant ( = 0.05) reductions in seedling survival. No differences were detected in H. annuus canopy height, stem diameter, stem length, or vegetative biomass between high and low SOC environments. Neither total reproductive biomass (P = 0.49) nor the biomass of flowers near physiological maturity (an estimate of fecundity; P = 0.59) were affected by SOC environment. Late season H. annuus lodging was observed to reduce reproductive biomass. Juvenile plants that survived mechanical weed control efforts grew and produced reproductive biomass similarly across SOC environments. The lack of difference in vegetative and reproductive characteristics between high and low SOC environments suggests that SOC (or the edaphic conditions associated with greater or lesser SOC level) was not critical in contributing to the observed distribution of H. annuus from juvenile to flowering stages of growth within well-fertilized, irrigated agricultural habitats.