Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop

A field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S-99-1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄), three treatments of four irrigation (W₅, W₇ and W₈) and one treatment of five irrigation (W₆) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.
Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:
With-holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W₄, W₁ and W₇; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.     

内蒙古东部干旱年份玉米需水规律及灌溉制度优化

基于通辽市丰田灌溉试验站3年野外实测试验,对该地区干旱年份玉米需水规律开展研究,结果表明:研究区干旱年份玉米拔节期与抽雄期耗水量占玉米整个生育期的50%以上,耗水强度依次表现为抽雄期拔节期灌浆期苗期,各生育阶段日耗水强度介于0.79~6.50 mm·d~(-1)之间;玉米干旱年份苗期、拔节期水分胁迫处理减产率较小,均未达到显著水平,抽雄期水分胁迫造成的减产量最大,多年平均达10%以上。干旱年份随着玉米耗水量的增加,产量持续增加,而水分生产率先升后降,合理的水分胁迫有利于提高干旱年份水资源的利用效率;同时通过数学模型与动态规划,提出了干旱年份玉米不同灌溉定额条件下的非充分优化灌溉制度,干旱年份应首先保证玉米抽雄期、灌浆期各灌水1次的要求,每次灌水约600 m3·hm-2。     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦高效用水灌溉制度研究

本文以2006年内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠试验站—春小麦的灌溉试验资料,应用FAO-56双作物系数法计算了不同试验处理的春小麦的实际需水量,研究了需水量与产量,与水分利用效率的关系,并用水分利用效率最大为原则确定了春小麦各种处理的高效用水灌溉制度。     

A Study on the FMS Planning and Scheduling System

After researching the function requirements of the planning and scheduling in manufacturing cells, the paper advanced a control structure with three phases, i. e. planning , scheduling and dispatching. The paper represented in detail the main purposes, requirements and scheduling actions in each phase. It suits to general machining FMSs.     

工程车辆自动变速控制系统仿真与试验

对液力机械传动工程车辆遇到高强度载荷效率下降的问题进行了研究，推导了新的换挡规律。按照预先设定的经济型换挡规律，利用推导出的不同挡位下换挡点的通用公式，可将变矩器的效率限定在某一理想范围内。获取对换挡离合器执行机构的控制来达到对离合器油压的控制目的，仿真结果表明其跟踪效果良好。通过台架试验，取得了满意的效果。     

Integrated management of irrigation water and fertilizers for wheat crop using field experiments and simulation modeling

The reported study aimed at developing an integrated management strategy for irrigation water and fertilizers in case of wheat crop in a sub-tropical sub-humid region. Field experiments were conducted on wheat crop (cultivar Sonalika) during the years 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Each experiment included four fertilizer treatments and three irrigation treatments during the wheat growth period. During the experiment, the irrigation treatments considered were I₁ = 10% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW); I₂ = 40% MAD of ASW; I₃ = 60% MAD of ASW. The fertilizer treatments considered in the experiments were F₁ = control treatment with N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 0:0:0 kg ha⁻¹, F₂ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹; F₃ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 120:60:60 kg ha⁻¹ and F₄ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 160:80:80 kg ha⁻¹. In this study CERES-wheat crop growth model of the DSSAT v4.0 was used to simulate the growth, development and yield of wheat crop using soil, daily weather and management inputs, to aid farmers and decision makers in developing strategies for effective management of inputs. The results of the investigation revealed that magnitudes of grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI of wheat crop were higher in low volume high frequency irrigation (I₁) than the high volume low frequency irrigation (I₃). The grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI increased with increase in fertilization rate for the wheat crop. The results also revealed that increase in level of fertilization increased water use efficiency (WUE) considerably. However, WUE of the I₂ irrigation schedule was comparatively higher than the I₁ and I₃ irrigation schedules due to higher grain yield per unit use of water. Therefore, irrigation schedule with 40% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water (I₂) could safely be maintained during the non-critical stages to save water without sacrificing the crop yield. Increase in level of fertilization increases the WUE but it will cause environmental problem beyond certain limit. The calibrated CERES-wheat model could predict the grain yield, straw yield and maximum LAI of wheat crop with considerable accuracy and therefore can be recommended for decision-making in similar regions.     

温室条件下茄子灌溉制度初探

以茄子为试材,于2013年4-8月在天津市北辰区日光温室中进行试验,分析了气象因素对灌溉的影响,并制定了灌溉制度。结论如下:温室条件下大棚内温度一直较高,且随气温的增加而增加;温室属于较为封闭的环境,所以温室内湿度一直处于较高点,且灌水后有大幅度增加,湿度较高;滴灌茄子的滴灌灌溉制度为全生育期灌溉定额137.9mm,灌水定额为19.7mm/次,灌水次数为7次,茄子生长阶段的土壤水分下限适宜控制在70%的田间持水率(计划湿润层为40cm)。     

落叶松小径木异型锯材的干燥均匀度

由于森林资源总体质量的下降,木材生产中小径木所占比例越来越大。小径木因其径级小、材质不稳定等缺点,使用受到限制。如何充分开发和高效利用小径木资源,成为当前国内外学者普遍关注的问题。目前,小径木大多作为木片、造纸和人造板的原料,这种利用方式投资大、产品单一、资金回收慢、经济效益低。而将小径木经过优化选材、优化设计和优化工艺的方法,加工成集成材、重组木等,可改善或提高小径木材质,克服径级小、利用单一的缺点,满足市场对木材的旺盛需求。     

井渠结合灌溉类型区多水源联网优化调度模式研究

针对丘陵地区灌溉水源分散、灌溉保证率低、农业缺水严重、生态环境恶化等突出问题,将多水源联网工程技术与优化调度技术相结合,建立了井渠结合灌区多水源联网优化调度模型,大大提高了灌区水资源的利用效率和灌溉保证率。采用该技术及其他节水措施后,威海井渠结合节水示范区全部耕地可得到灌溉,灌溉后的粮食产量由原来的9000 kg/hm2提高到11550 kg/hm2,示范区平均增产25%。经济、社会与环境效益显著。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄耗水规律及灌溉制度优化研究

以宁夏贺兰山东麓大田滴灌酿酒葡萄为研究对象,分析不同灌水处理条件下土壤含水率、耗水规律、品质、产量及水分生产效率的变化,基于多因素提出优化酿酒葡萄滴灌灌溉制度。主要结论有:不同生育期土壤含水率随土层深度呈下降趋势,生育期内果实膨大期土壤含水率最高。阶段耗水量呈现开花期、初果期小,萌芽期、果实膨大期、着色成熟期大的"下开口抛物线"分布,果实膨大期为耗水高峰期,日均耗水量2.26~4.48 mm/d。3 600 m3/hm~2时滴灌酿酒葡萄的可溶性固形物、总酸等含量较优,品质较好,产量、水分生产效率最高。(4)推荐优化酿酒葡萄滴灌灌溉制度为:灌溉定额3 600 m3/hm~2,灌水次数13次,其中萌芽期3次,开花期1次,初果期2次,果实膨大期4次,着色成熟期3次。