Analysis of total glucosinolate content and individual glucosinolates in Brassica spp. by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

This study was conducted to test the applicability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating the total glucosinolate (GSL) content in samples of intact seed from a wide range of Brassica species, and to develop calibration equations to estimate simultaneously the percentage of individual GSLs. A total of 290 samples from 15 different Brassica species were scanned by NIRS and analysed for glucosinolate content by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A calibration equation for total GSL content was developed using 270 samples of 14 species in a range between 6 and 193μmol/g seed, resulting in an r² of 0.99 in calibration and cross-validation, and 0.95 in independent validation with 20 samples of Brassica rapa, a species not represented in the calibration. Furthermore, calibration equations to estimate the relative amount (mol/mol) of progoitrin, sinigrin, and gluconapin were successfully developed (r² > 0.85 in cross-validation) and validated with samples from species not included in the calibration. It was also possible to discriminate between entries with high and low values of glucoiberin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin and glucoerucin.     

Separating Norway spruce heartwood and sapwood in dried condition with near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis

Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] heartwood and sapwood have differing wood properties, but are similar in appearance. An investigation was made to see whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used with multivariate statistics for separation between heartwood and sapwood in dry state on tangential longitudinal surfaces. For classification of wood into sapwood and heartwood, partial least square (PLS) regression was used. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) filtering was used on the spectra. This study shows that a separation of sapwood and heartwood of spruce is possible with NIR spectra measured in a laboratory environment. The visible-wavelength spectra have significant influence on the predictive power of separation models between sapwood and heartwood of spruce. All 44 specimens in the calibration set were correctly classified into heartwood and sapwood. Validation of the model was done with a prediction set of 16 specimens, of which one was classified incorrectly.     

Prediction of mechanical properties of Chinese fir wood by near infrared spectroscopy

Mechanical properties and the visible and near infrared (NIR) (350–2500 nm) spectra obtained from longitudinal and transverse face of 155 small clear wood samples of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) were measured, and 103 of them were used to establish calibration models. Calibrations were tested on an independent set (52 samples). Differences between calibrations developed by using the longitudinal and transverse face were small. The calibrations developed by using NIR spectra (350–2500 nm) collected from transverse face were slightly inferior to those developed by using NIR spectra collected from longitudinal face. When reducing the spectral range to between 780 and 1050 nm, the calibrations developed by using NIR spectra collected from longitudinal face were slightly inferior to those developed by using NIR spectra collected from transverse face, and reducing the spectral range causes no decrease in the quality of the models developed using NIR spectra collected from transverse face. Partial lease square (PLS) modeling and test showed that calibrations developed using the visible and NIR spectra from transverse and longitudinal faces and calibrations developed by using the reducing spectral range (780–1050 nm) from the transverse face were moderate, and have a RPD range from 1.51 to 1.90. It is concluded that NIR spectroscopy can be used as an initial screening. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2007, 22(5): 149–154 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

Application of a Fourier transform—near infrared reflectance spectroscopy method for the rapid proximate analysis of the greenshell mussel (Perna canaliculus) and king (Chinook) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Greenshell? mussel (GSM, Perna canaliculus) and king (Chinook) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are New Zealand's two major aquaculture species generating $380 million NZD in exports during the 2017–18 financial year. This study addresses the development and validation of a method based on Fourier transform—near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (FT‐NIRs) to determine proximate composition for both species to aid breeding‐, production‐ and consumer decisions. Rapid measurements of GSM (n = 176) were taken by FT‐NIRs and analysed by traditional wet chemistry ‘reference methods’ to develop calibration models for proximate composition (protein, moisture, fat, ash and carbohydrate). The predictive models for moisture (r² = 0.98, root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) = 0.314, residual prediction deviation (RPD = 6.47), protein (r² = 0.91, RMSECV = 0.295, RPD = 3.01)) and carbohydrate (r² = 0.87, RMSECV = 0.440, RPD = 2.78) in GSM performed well. Additional models based on 90 portions of salmon were developed to predict moisture (r² = 0.98, RMSECV = 1.02, RPD = 7), protein (r² = 0.96, RMSECV = 0.347, RPD = 5.08), fat (r² = 0.99, RMSECV = 1.09, RPD = 5.98) and ash (r² = 0.72, RMSECV = 0.05, RPD = 1.9). The predictive FT‐NIRs and reference methods were tested for short‐term and intermediate precision, which demonstrated that the repeatability of the predictive models was comparable to the reference methods. Proximate analysis of GSM and king salmon using FT‐NIRs was quick (minutes for sample preparation and analysis rather than days) and all components were assessed simultaneously. This provides a low‐cost short turn‐around method suitable for industry and research applications.     

表儿茶素类单质红外光谱特性研究

儿茶素类物质的测定对茶叶品质检测有重要作用,本工作利用傅立叶红外光谱技术对表儿茶索、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯4种儿茶素类单质进行了中红外光谱实验研究,得到了对应单质的红外吸收光谱。结果表明,3147~3498cm^-1范围内的宽带吸收来自于苯环上羟基的伸缩振动吸收,而400～1750cm^-1范围内多峰结构吸收,对应于骨架振动和取代基的变形振动吸收;对应中红外吸收光谱的多峰结构谱段高频端表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与对应儿茶素相比都多了一强吸收峰,对应波数分别为1681cm^-1和1692cm^-1,这是由于前两者都相应多出了-C=O结构。这些结果对于茶叶品质的光谱检测有重要的参考价值。     

基于小规模数据集的柑橘树冠层施药情况的分类模型

目的 提升柑橘果园的智能化管理水平,快速无损获取柑橘树冠层的施药情况,改善小规模数据集导致施药情况分类模型易发生过拟合的问题。方法 提出一种基于卷积神经网络的柑橘树冠层施药情况分类模型——VGG_C模型。模型以VGG模型核心思想为基础进行构建,通过交叉熵损失函数优化,加速概率分布与真实分布的迭代过程,并在输出端引入不确定性度量计算以及在下采样模块中插入Droupout方法,降低由于数据较少而发生过拟合的概率。结果 VGG_C模型针对训练集的分类损失值为0.44%,比ResNet和VGG模型分别降低了87%和91%;准确率为95.3%,比ResNet和VGG模型分别提高了5%和10%;验证集的预测平均准确率为96.4%。结论 VGG_C模型通过多层卷积模型协同实现柑橘冠层热红外图像特征的高效提取,通过优化输出端结构提高了柑橘冠层施药情况分类模型在小数据集规模上的训练测试优度,可为柑橘树施药情况的智能化判断提供有效参考。     

Differential mixing action effects on functional properties and polymeric protein size distribution of wheat dough

A micro Z-arm mixer and a 2g-Mixograph were used to compare the effect of pin and Z-arm-type mixing actions on mixing properties of wheat flour dough. Although the two mixing curves obtained with pin- and Z-arm-type mixing action showed a very similar mixing trace, no significant correlation was found between the two mixers other than the number of revolutions required for optimal dough consistency (peak resistance). Mixing requirement was described by a rate-independent parameter, the number of revolutions to peak dough development and was found to be greater in a Z-arm mixer than in a pin mixer. Mixing requirement showed significant correlation with stability, which is therefore a dough strength parameter. The change in the polymeric structure of gluten proteins of dough as indicated by %UPP (unextractable polymeric protein percentage) was monitored and showed a smaller decrease with Z-arm mixing than with pin mixing. Therefore, pin-mixing action is more energetic than Z-arm mixing. At peak resistance, Z-arm mixing gives a larger quantity of polymeric protein content in the dough relative to pin mixing. The degree of dough development at maximum resistance in the different mixers was shown to be different. A new parameter, delta-_UPPMZ${\mathrm{UPP}}_{\mathrm{MZ}}$ (the difference between %UPP of dough obtained with pin vs Z-arm mixing actions) was identified and proposed to have some relationship to the stability of the polymeric proteins in the dough.     

脲醛树脂结构研究进展

在过去的２０余年里,为获得结构更合理、性能更优异的脲醛树脂,人们使用近代分析手段对脲醛树脂结构进行了广泛的研究,付立叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）和１３Ｃ核磁共振（１３ＣＮＭＲ）是目前脲醛树脂结构研究的最主要方法,其中１３ＣＮＭＲ是在分子水平描述脲醛树脂结构的最完善、最有效的工具。本文综述近２０年脲醛树脂结构研究进展,内容包括结构研究方法、内容和结果。     

病虫害智能识别喷药装置设计——基于PC图像处理和近红外光谱分析

在自动化喷施农药过程中,为了准确识别病虫害作物、节约农药和降低农业对环境的污染,以及提高药物的去虫效率,提出了一种基于PC图像处理和近红外光谱分析的作物病虫害智能识别喷药装置。该装置分为3个模块,包括近红外病虫害识别模块、喷药自动化调节模块和车载设备,其控制模块为安装在车上的PC机,利用近红外识别装置可以判断作物是否被病虫害污染,并且识别作物污染的等级,采用喷药自动化调节模块可以实现农药的定量调节,利用车载设备实现了全自动化喷药。对装置的性能进行了测试,结果表明:采用近红外识别装置和主成分分析法可有效地识别病虫害污染的作物,识别准确率较高;喷药自动化装置可根据病虫害的等级进行变量化喷药,减少了农药使用量,得到了较高的去虫率,从而验证了装置的可行性和可靠性。     

灵芝孢子油与6种其他植物油中的脂肪酸组分的比较

对灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等6种植物油的脂肪酸组成相似性进行分析,同时探讨了红外光谱法鉴别灵芝孢子油的可行性。采用气相色谱法对灵芝孢子油及菜籽油等6种植物油脂肪酸进行了测定,并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其信息进行采集。市售不同品牌灵芝孢子油,脂肪酸组成比较接近。脂肪酸组分聚类分析结果显示,灵芝孢子油的脂肪酸组成与菜籽油最相似,其次为花生油和橄榄油。利用1397.4 cm~(-1)、967.1 cm~(-1)、913.7 cm~(-1)处吸收峰,红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油和橄榄油区别开来。红外光谱法可以将灵芝孢子油与菜籽油等植物油区别开来,这为灵芝孢子油鉴别提供了一种快速有效的途径。