我国无公害农产品认证现状·问题及对策

在全国范围内实行"无公害食品行动计划",建立健全的无公害农产品认证制度是适应我国新农村发展新形势的需要。在介绍我国无公害农产品认证现状的基础上,分析我国无公害农产品存在的问题,并针对性地提出相应对策,以期促进我国无公害农产品认证工作更好地发展。     

Postgraduate training programs in veterinary clinical pathology in the United States and Canada (1998 to 2002)

Background: Residency and graduate programs in veterinary clinical pathology provide specialized training for board certification and are important pathways to careers in clinical pathology diagnostics, teaching, and research. Information about training opportunities is useful for assessing disciplinary needs, outcomes, and changes, garnering program support, and providing objective data for program evaluation by faculty, trainees, and prospective applicants. Objectives: The goals of this study were to 1) compile detailed information on the number and types of postgraduate training programs in veterinary clinical pathology in the United States and Canada, 2) describe the goals, activities, strengths, and weaknesses of the programs, 3) assess the desirability of program accreditation and program standards, 4) identify supplemental training opportunities, and 5) evaluate changes in programs, trainees, and faculty 4 years later. Methods: In July 1998, the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Education Committee sent a survey to representatives at the 31 schools and colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada and 31 diagnostic laboratories, private hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies. Survey data were compared with updated information obtained from training program coordinators in November 2002. Results: Survey response rate was 94% for universities, 39% for nonuniversity institutions, and 66% overall. In 1998, there were 20 clinical pathology training programs, including residencies (n=10) and graduate programs combined with residency training (n=10), with 36 total training positions. In 2002, there were 25 training programs (14 residencies, 11 combined), with 52 total positions. The median faculty: trainee ratio was 2.0 in both years. Of 67 faculty members involved in training in 1998, 57 (85.1%) were board‐certified in clinical pathology and 53 (79.1%) had DVM/PhD degrees. Net faculty numbers increased by 17 (25.4%) but the median per institution remained at 3.0. Primary program goals were 1) eligibility for and successful achievement of board certification in clinical pathology by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, 2) proficiency in laboratory diagnostics, and 3) contemporary basic or applied research training. Many programs cited research opportunities, caseloads, and training in hematology and cytology as strengths. Program weaknesses included insufficient funding, too few faculty, and limited training in clinical chemistry and laboratory operations/quality assurance. Trainees completing programs within the past 5 years (n=70) were employed in academia (28.6%), diagnostic laboratories (32.9%), and industry (18.6%). For trainees completing programs between 1999 and 2002 (n=38), these percentages were 52.6%, 21.1%, and 7.9%, respectively. Most (62.5%) respondents supported program standards and accreditation, and 76% supported board review sessions for trainees. Conclusions: Opportunities for postgraduate training in veterinary clinical pathology increased between 1998 and 2002, with 5 new programs and 16 new training positions. These additions and the increased emphasis on diagnostic proficiency, efforts to strengthen training in clinical chemistry and quality assurance, and continuation of combined PhD‐residency programs will help address the perceived need for increased numbers of qualified clinical pathologists in academia, diagnostic laboratories, and industry.     

FSC森林经营认证的启示和思考——基于对4家森林认证单位的森林经营方案和认证报告的分析

对4家森林认证管理委员会(FSC)认证单位的森林经营方案和森林认证报告进行分析研究,总结开展森林经营认证的特点:经营目标多样性;重视环境和社会影响评价;关注高保护价值森林;森林监测全面深入。对国内开展森林认证存在的问题进行思考:经营目标单一,且分解过细;未开展环境和社会影响评价;对高保护价值森林关注不够;对森林监测不全面。藉此,提出了相应对策。     

RAPD技术快速鉴定辣椒杂种纯度的研究

利用RAPD技术，通过对60个随机引物的筛选，获得能区分粤椒4号及其亲本的引物OPS—01、并得到单株验证。     

江津富硒青花椒气候品质评价认证技术研究

简要阐述了气象因素与花椒品质的关系,建立了青花椒气候品质认证模型。对江津地区种植的具有独特“富硒”特色气候品质的青花椒进行认证和评价,为富硒青花椒贴上“气候身份证”,打造江津青花椒的“硒有气质”。     

Scaling up: Bringing public institutions and food service corporations into the project for a local,sustainable food system in Ontario

This paper reports on a relationship between the University of Toronto and a non-profit, non-governmental (“third party”) certifying organization called Local Flavour Plus (LFP). The University as of August 2006 requires its corporate caterers to use local and sustainable farm products for a small but increasing portion of meals for most of its 60,000 students. LFP is the certifying body, whose officers and consultants have strong relations of trust with sustainable farmers. It redefines standards and verification to create ladders for farmers, Aramark and Chartwells (the corporations that won the bid), and the University, to continuously raise standards of sustainability. After years of frustrated efforts, other Ontario institutions are expressing interest, opening the possibility that a virtuous circle could lead to rapid growth in local, sustainable supply chains. The paper examines the specificities of the LFP approach and of the Toronto and Canadian context. Individuals in LFP acquired crucial skills, insights, experience, resources, and relationships of trust over 20 years within the Toronto “community of food practice,” located in a supportive municipal, NGO and social movement context. Harriet Friedman PhD, is Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga and at the Centre for International Studies University of Toronto. Her research is in international and local politics of food and agriculture, focusing on contested transitions between food regimes. Her current research is on politics of standards and certification. Thanks to Lori Stahlbrand, Mike Schreiner, and Rod MacRae of LFP and Debbie Field and Zahra Parvinian of FoodShare for sharing time and insights at length, and to Wayne Roberts of TFPC, David Clandfield of New College, Josee Johnston, and Amber McNair for helpful conversations about our “community of practice.” Thanks to Yossi Cadam for the ladder metaphor.     

国内森林经营单位FSC森林认证结果分析

对国内黑龙江友好林业局、吉林省白河林业局等7家开展FSC森林认证的森林经营单位的认证审核报告等相关资料进行分析,总结了不同认证机构在审核方法及评估方式上的共同点是:标准化;独立审核;多学科团队;审核过程公正、透明化;3种审核方式相结合.不同认证机构在审核方面的差异是:审核指标不同;审核方式与结论不同.从FSC原则与标准2方面分析了这些单位的差距,认为目前国内森林经营单位与FSC认证要求的差距主要体现在环境和社会影响评估、森林监测和经营方案3个方面.据此提出了相应的改进建议.