微灌用网式过滤器局部水头损失的

在对网式过滤器进行了系统的水力性能试验基础上，分析了堵塞对过滤器局部水头损失的影响，指出过滤器的局部水头损失变化与过滤流量、过滤时间、水源含沙量有关，这些因素主要决定了过滤元件堵塞程度和变化快慢，即有效过水面积减小的频率，从而决定了额外局部水头损失增加的快慢程度。并提出了在含沙水条件下计算局部水头损失的经验关系式，指出过滤器在实际运用中，应保证压降曲线不发生急剧上升，并可以根据不同水质条件，确定其冲洗时的压差允许值和冲洗间隔时间。     

低水头滴灌过滤器的研制与应用

为解决传统微灌系统中使用的各种过滤装置孔口堵塞及水头损失较大这一问题,设计了几种不同截面型式的开敞式滤网过滤器,其结构有箱式、圆柱体式及棱柱体式三种型式,并分别对其进行水力性能测试。测试结果表明：额定流量为2 m^3/h时,以圆柱体式结构的滤网过滤器水头损失为最小（7.95 cm）;额定流量为5 m^3/h时,以箱形结构的滤网过滤器水头损失为最小（16.93cm）,两者均满足水头损失在30 cm以下的要求。实践应用结果表明,优选的两种开敞式滤网过滤器具有过滤效果好、水头损失小等优点,对于减缓灌水器堵塞、延长系统寿命发挥了重要作用,是适于低水头微灌系统的一种较为理想的过滤装置。     

不同灌排模式稻田排水中氮磷流失规律

为了研究不同灌排模式稻田排水中氯磷流失规律,以集成合理的节水灌溉与控制排水技术,在江苏高邮开展田间试验.试验区排水斗沟出口处设水位调控闸门,在水稻不同生育阶段对排水沟水位及田间水分进行控制,形成新型的控制灌排模式.与常规灌排模式进行对比,两年田间试验成果表明,控制灌排模式较常规灌排模式节水16.7%,增产7.1%,排水总量减少54%,水稻全生育期稻田排水中NH4+;-N、NO3-N与TP流失总量分别减少38.07%、82.29%和52.15%,节水减排和降污效果显著.采用控制灌排模式,通过实施灌水调控和排水管理.控制了氮磷流失关键时期的排水量.高效利用了水分和养分,取得了节水高产、减排控污的效果.     

农田土壤氮素径流损失的影响因素及其防治措施研究

根据当前国内外在农田土壤氮素运移转化机理方面已取得的研究成果,简要回顾了农田土壤氮素损失产生的环境污染危害,分析了影响土壤氮素径流损失的主要因素。在此基础上,提出了优化水肥管理、合理施用氮肥、发展生态农业、调整种植结构、推广缓控释肥料等防治举措。     

履带式高地隙油茶果振动采收机设计与试验

针对油茶人工采收效率低,劳动力成本大,且油茶果成熟期短、花果同期等问题,设计了可实现连续振动落果和收集的履带式高地隙油茶果振动采收机。采收机采用骑跨式车架沿油茶树种植行行走,利用曲柄摇杆机构驱动多排阵列的指排杆按照一定的运动轨迹对树冠两侧同时击打作业,落果通过收集板汇集后输送到果箱。根据击打轨迹对采收机击打装置的曲柄摇杆机构进行设计,并用ADAMS软件验证指排架运动轨迹。通过ANSYS软件对击打装置机架和采收机车架进行有限元模态分析,获得其前6阶固有频率,确定其不会发生共振。为接收振动掉落的油茶果,设计了高低错落分布的收集板,不仅能接收落果,且能顺利避开树干,实现整机在运动中完成振动落果和收集作业。最后,加工装配振动采收机样机,在击打液压马达转速为360 r/min条件下进行油茶林地整机试验,试验结果表明,油茶果采收率为87.56%,花苞掉落率为25.86%,满足油茶果采收要求。     

Y型网式过滤器堵塞过程对有机肥浓度的响应研究

为研究水肥一体化设备中用于过滤有机肥的Y型网式过滤器的堵塞规律,对Y型网式过滤器在初始流量500 L/h、水源压力117.6 k Pa下,设置25、30、40、50 g/L共4种黄腐酸钾有机肥肥液质量浓度,进行了过滤器堵塞试验,分析了Y型网式过滤器的局部水头损失与单个滤孔滤网清洁度(单个滤孔有效过水断面面积与孔隙总面积比值) S/S0的关系,并利用XRD分析了过滤器内堵塞物质的成分。结果表明:肥液质量浓度对过滤器滤网清洁度影响显著,建议肥液质量浓度不超过40 g/L;过滤器局部水头损失在S/S0减小到10%后才逐渐开始增大,过滤器局部水头损失与滤网清洁度、肥液质量浓度有关,利用多项式拟合给出了过滤器滤网清洁度与肥液质量浓度、施肥持续时间的关系式及局部水头损失与肥液质量浓度、滤网清洁度的关系式;滤网堵塞物质主要成分为硫酸钙、草酸钙。本研究结果可为水肥一体化设备中过滤器的选择提供理论参考。     

苹果园春季土施尿素的利用及其在土壤中的累积

 以7年生嘎拉苹果/平邑甜茶为试材, 利用¹⁵N示踪技术, 研究了苹果生产体系中氮素年周期 的利用、残留、损失及在土壤中的迁移动态。结果表明, 对春季土施尿素的利用率盛花期较低, 为11.38% , 至采收后达到最高。土壤氮素残留率盛花期最高, 为57.10% , 果实采后残留率最低。年周期中各土层氮素残留量不同, 盛花期20～40 cm土层残留量最高, 采收后最低, 0～20 cm土层在新梢旺长期残留量最高, 果实成熟期最低, 而40～60 cm土层在果实膨大期残留量达到最高, 在采收后0～20 cm土层残留有所增加, 其余各土层残留量均达到最低值。氮素损失与土壤残留呈相反的变化趋势, 氮素损失率在盛花期最低为31.53% , 随物候期的推迟逐渐升高, 在果实采后高达58.40%     

PVDF型籽粒损失传感器研究探讨

通过研究总结国内外籽粒损失传感器普遍存在适应性差、价格高等问题,在国内首次提出PVDF型籽粒损失传感器的设计方案.通过研究PVDF材料的特性与应用现状,讨论了PVDF在籽粒损失传感器上应用的可行性及优势,并结合已有研究成果和相关PVDF压电薄膜传感器实验室制作工艺的文献资料,初步确定在实验室中利用PVDF 压电薄膜制作籽粒损失传感器的主要过程,为进一步设计、制作经济、实用的籽粒损失传感器提供理论依据和实践基础.     

稀土壳聚糖螯合盐对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响

研究了在饲料中添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐（ＲＥＣＣ）对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响。根据鲫（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ）鱼苗的营养需求配制４种类型的ＲＥＣＣ试验日粮,即１号饲料（０．００％）、２号饲料（０．０８％）、３号饲料（０．１６％）和４号饲料（０２４％）。测定４种饲料的粉化率和溶失率。结果显示,添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐后可以降低饲料的 粉化率,饲料中添加０．１６％的稀土壳聚糖螯合盐效果尤其明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）;在饲料中添加ＲＥＣＣ可以显著降低饲料的溶失率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,并可以提高和改善水产颗粒饲料的性能。     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.