Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

浙江省水土流失的时空动态研究

浙江省大量基础设施建设项目的开工建设,在不同地区和不同建设工期表现出的水土流失特征各不相同,且不同的土地利用方式和利用强度造成的水土流失类型和规律也不相同,充分体现了经济发达地区不同于过去和经济相对落后地区的水土流失特征。经济发达地区的水土流失特征可归纳为:水土流失面积小、强度大,强度水土流失空间分布分散、时间集中性强、动态变化速度快,水土流失治理效益显著,人为诱发水土流失突出。出现上述特征的原因可概括为:开发建设项目不同工期水土保持措施效益差异是强度水土流失面积波动的原因之一,经济开发和劳动力转型是水土流失面积减少的原因之一,农业经济林开发建设是导致林地水土流失比重大的原因之一。提出了今后水土保持工作应采取的新措施和重点治理的新方向。     

新型水土流失监测装置及其应用

测钎法是一种应用广泛的水土流失监测方法,但是传统测钎法难以适应复杂监测地形,缺乏专门测读装置,还会产生较大监测误差,需要对其加以改进.以颐和园万寿山山体为研究对象,针对其山体特征和文物分布状况,选定18块监测场地,发明单钎多点式测读装置,选用改进的测钎法对水土流失进行监测.结果表明:1)18块监测场地考虑了土壤、坡度、植被等因素的差异,可以全面反映万寿山水土流失状况;2)单钎多点式测读装置有效降低了测钎埋点环境条件、测读方式等客观和主观误差,提高了测钎法水土流失监测结果的准确性;3)监测期间,万寿山平均土壤流失值在-3 mm～ +1 mm范围内.说明新型水土流失监测装置是可行的,所用水土流失监测方法和数据处理方法,可供其他类似工程借鉴与应用.     

黄河流域氮素流失模数研究

氮素流失模数是研究区域氮循环与氮平衡的基本参数,对其进行研究有助于从大区域角度评价我国化肥的利用效率。按多年年径流量均值和多年河水氮浓度均值计算所得的黄河19个主要支流的流域氮素流失模数在0.073～1.665t·km-2·a-1,氮素流失模数的大小与区域人口和农业生产水平存在正相关性;由于存在“流域面积尺度效应”,使按干流数据计算得到的黄河流域的氮素流失模数显著地小于按支流资料计算得到的氮素流失模数;由于干流各站点控制的流域范围具有重叠性以及下游水质对上游水质有继承性,使按干流各站数据计算得到的氮素流失模数数值间差异不大;20世纪90年代以后黄河流域的氮素流失模数大大增加。中游头道拐站以上流域1995年的氮素流失模数比1985年增加4倍以上,下游花园口站以上流域1996年的氮素流失模数比1986年增加2倍以上;黄河流域流失的氮主要是以溶解态形式存在于水相中的氮素,流域氮素流失模数与泥沙径流模数之间无明显关系。以花园口站为控制点计算所得的黄河流域的氮素流失模数小于以大通站为控制点计算所得的长江流域的氮素流失模数。黄河流域的氮肥流失率(指黄河流域流氮素流失总量占流域氮肥总施入量的比例)在90年代后期有快速增加趋势,1998年比1997年增加12%,1999年又比1998年增加18%。我国     

浮顶罐储存煤油的经济分析

通常情况下,很少秀内浮顶罐储存煤油。提出了用内浮顶装煤油的设想,分别给出了立式拱顶罐和内浮顶油罐“大,小呼吸”损耗经验计算公式,并对内浮顶罐和共顶罐装煤油时的蒸发损耗量以及两种油罐的造价等进行了对比计算,认为用内浮顶罐储存煤油是经济,合理和安全的,建议新建煤油储罐时应采用浮顶油罐。     

饲粮中添加蜂花粉对猪肉系水力的影响

[目的]研究饲粮中添加不同比例的蜂花粉对杜×长×大生长肥育猪猪肉系水力的影响,以期找到最佳的添加比例。[方法]选取80头体重10kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交猪为试验动物,随机分成5组,试验期为120d。整个试验期不换料。猪只自由取食和饮水,宰前24h禁食不禁水。使用玉米一豆粕型基础饲粮,第1组为不添加蜂花粉的对照组,第2、3、4和5组分别为添加1％、3％、5％和7％蜂花粉的试验组。屠宰后取眼肌,分别采用快速滤纸法、滴水损失法、烹饪损失法和拿破率测定法测定其系水力。[结果]随着蜂花粉添加比例的增加,猪肉系水力呈现先优后劣的变化趋势。其中,饲粮中添加5％的蜂花粉能够显著降低猪肉的滴水损失和系水力（P〈0．05）,而对烹饪损失和拿破率的影响不显著。[结论]饲粮中添加蜂花粉可有效改善杜×长×大生长肥育猪肉系水力,其添加比例以饲粮总量的5％为宜。     

高温预处理玉米秸秆条件的优化

对玉米秸秆高温预处理条件进行优化,以降低还原糖损失率和提高灰分去除率为目的,探讨了高温预处理时料液比、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间对还原糖得率的影响。通过采用单因素多水平试验方法得到最优预处理条件为料液比1∶7,蒸煮温度118℃,蒸煮时间0.5 h。在此最优条件下,预处理后的秸秆还原糖损失率为1.86%,灰分去除率为35.2%。     

基于自压滴灌工程过滤装置尺寸的确定及应用

由于新疆牧业灌区无电供应,水源无法过滤,实现滴灌工程难,目前采用地面灌溉。地形坡度大、灌水量多、大量水土流失。灌区下游排水不畅,洼地沼泽化面积剧增,地下水位上升导致土壤盐碱化,弃田面积逐渐扩大、种植面积萎缩。为了解决上述问题,充分利用地形落差,研制了自压滴灌工程过滤装置。同时渠道进水流量、调水池的调节流量、集水桶流量及系统流量之间建立了平衡关系。用实例说明不同地形落差与自压滴灌工程系统流量及过滤装置尺寸的计算过程。解决了自压滴灌工程水源的过滤、排沙、冲沙及自行冲洗等问题。为无电牧业灌区实现节水灌溉技术提供依据。     

淀粉老化调控对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响

燕麦粉不含面筋蛋白,使燕麦全粉面条煮熟后易浑汤、蒸煮损失率大,目前只能温水浸泡复水食用,是限制燕麦更广泛推广的难题之一。为了满足市场对燕麦全粉面条的需求,以利用二级挤压技术生产的燕麦全粉挤压面条为试材,对成型面条进行了调湿老化、蒸制老化及冷冻老化处理,比较了不同老化方式对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明,调湿老化处理的面条蒸煮损失率最小(2.26%~3.34%),蒸制老化次之(4.19%~5.19%),冷冻老化最大(5.16%~7.97%)。不同老化处理的面条感官评分差异不显著,以调湿老化处理24h的面条感官评分最高(87.2分);调湿老化处理面条的淀粉相对结晶度(12.47%~16.10%)、热焓值(1.044 0~1.056 0J·g-1)及回生值(519.5~558.0cP)均最大,蒸制老化次之,冷冻老化最小。综合分析可知,对燕麦挤压面条进行淀粉老化处理,能够显著降低燕麦全粉挤压面条的蒸煮损失率,最优方式为调湿老化24h。     

Screening of Ethiopian sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) landraces for their performance under Striga hermonthica ‐infested conditions

Striga hermonthica is a major constraint to sorghum production and productivity in sub‐Saharan Africa, Ethiopia, in particular. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of 49 sorghum genotypes based on their reaction to S. hermonthica and investigate the relationships among yield and Striga resistance traits, including the Striga emergence count, area under Striga number progress curve, area under Striga severity progress curve, grain yield under infested, grain yield under non‐infested conditions and relative yield loss. The genotypes differed significantly in all measured parameters under Striga‐infested and non‐infested conditions. The genotypes ‘Birhan’, ‘Gubiye’, Wolegie, Zegerie, Nechmashila I, Woftel, Tetron and Eyssa were identified as promising ones based on grain yield and Striga‐related traits. On the other hand, the genotypes Jamyo, Bobie, Gedido, Mankebar and Zengada had moderate Striga numbers with low relative yield loss as compared with susceptible checks. The most promising variety, Zegerie, Mankebar and Zengada, out yielded the standard resistant checks ‘Birhan’ and ‘Gubiye’ under Striga infestation. Ward cluster analysis grouped the 49 sorghum genotypes in to four distinct clusters under Striga‐infested conditions. All members of clusters II and III showed the highest yielding group with the lowest to moderate Striga number, while cluster IV supported the lowest yield with the highest Striga number. Significant negative correlations were observed between yield‐ and Striga‐related traits. Highly significant and strong correlations were observed among Striga resistance indices, indicating that any of the Striga resistance parameters can be used as an indicator of resistance. The wide variations in grain yield among genotypes under Striga‐infested conditions would be invaluable genetic resources for production in Striga endemic areas of Ethiopia.