Water Requirements for Castor Oil Crop (Ricinus communis L.) in a Mediterranean Climate

A field study was conducted to assess the effect of irrigation on castor ( Ricinus communis L.) and to define the water requirements of the crop. Three irrigation regimes, corresponding to 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 fractions (kd) of the evapotranspiration (ETm) in the area were compared, factorially combined with the varieties Pronto and Negus in 1995. In 1996 and 1997 one more irrigation treatment corresponding to 0.75 of the ETm was included, and Negus was replaced by HD912. Irrigation was found necessary for castor production since seed and oil yields obtained with irrigation were much higher compared to yields of rainfed plants, and also castor could not be competitive to winter cereals in rainfed areas. In 1995 seed yield increased to kd = 1.0, but the response of both varieties was curvilinear. In 1996 kd = 0.50 was enough for the maximum yield by both varieties, while in 1997 higher amounts of water were needed (kd = 1.00 and 0.75 for Pronto and HD912, respectively). The beneficial effect of irrigation was mainly due to the increased number of secondary racemes. Oil yield was mainly determined by seed yield. Thus, the aim of the growers should be to increase the seed yield. The suggested amount of water for the irrigation of castor in the Northern Greece is equal to 75 % of the evapotranspiration of the plant in the area. With this amount the yield is satisfactory and the management of water resources is doing in a rational way.     

Untersuchungen zum einfluss von niederschlag,sickerwasser und evapotranspiration auf den kalziumaustrag bei hyrdromorphen böden (lysimeterergebnisse)

In Grundwasserlysimetern wurden 12 verschiedene hydromorphe Böden 12–17 Jahre auf den Kalziumaustrag in das Grundwasser untersucht. Auf Grund der langen Untersuchungszeiten mit ihren wechselnden Witterungsverläufen schwanken die Ca‐Austräge bei allen Böden bedeutsam, wobei die größten Schwankungen bei Niedermoor‐ und Anmoorböden zu verzeichnen sind. Erwartungsgemäß erbrachte die Sickerwasserrate den engsten Zusammenhang zum Ca‐Austrag (B = 0,47–0,84). Die mittleren Ca‐Konzentrationen reichen von 100 mg.l^?1 bei einer Gley‐Rosterde bis zu 300 mg.r^?1 bei einem Niedermoor. Ein Einfluß der Evapotranspiration auf den Ca‐Austrag ließ sich nicht feststellen.     

华北平原冬小麦田问蒸散与棵问蒸发的变化规律研究

试验研究冬小麦田间蒸散和棵间蒸发变化规律及其影响因子结果表明 ,播种～返青期冬小麦棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)最大 ,抽穗～灌浆期最小。整个生长期间棵间蒸发占蒸散量 31 .4 % ,棵间蒸发占蒸散比例 (E ET)与冬小麦叶面积指数 (LAI)有一定关系 ,E ET =0 .36 93× (LAI) - 0 .74 93(R2 =0 .82 36 )。     

Effect of molecular complexity and acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamate dehydrogenase,glutamine synthetase,and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota α II cells

Carrot cells were grown in cultures supplemented with two hormones [2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP)] and two humic fractions extracted from earthworm faeces, one with high acidity and a low apparent molecular size (<3500) and the other with low acidity and a large molecular size. 2,4-D stimulated growth through an effect on cell enlargement, while the strongly acidic humic fraction (0.2 mg l^-1) and the weakly acidic fraction (1 mg l^-1) were both less effective. With 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the highly acid humic fraction, mainly alone, induced the best increase in protein content; the effect of the weakly acid humic fraction and the hormones was generally less important. The two humic fractions also differed in their influence on glutamate dehydrogenase activity. After 2 h of pretreatment, the highly acidic fraction increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity, while the other fraction did not affect it. After 4–16 h of pre-incubation, the activity of this enzyme was still not influenced by these humic fractions. The presence of the two hormones did not interfere with the humic matter effects. Glutamine synthetase activity was not affected by a pre-incubation of up to 4 h with the two humic fractions, but it was stimulated after 8–16 h of pre-incubation. A 2,4-D+6BAP mixture stimulated glutamine synthetase activity (from +12 to +50%). Again, the presence of the hormones did not interfere with the effects induced by the humic fractions. After 16 h of pre-incubation, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was increased by the highly acidic humic fraction (+93%) and by both humic fractions together (+34%). An explanation of the different incubation times necessary for the humic fractions to exert stimulatory effects on these enzymes is proposed here. The regulatory properties of the strongly acidic humic fraction appeared to depend on the combination of high acidity (expecially carboxylic C) with low molecular size.     

Effects of different soil management practices on total P and Olsen-P sediment loss: A field rainfall simulation study

Field rainfall simulations were conducted in 2002 and 2005 to study the effects of different soil management practices on the total phosphorous (TP) and Olsen-P losses by soil erosion and redistribution along a 15 m long slope in Luoyang, Henan province, China. Field plots were set up in 2001 and included the following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SSM), no-till with mulch (NTM), reduced tillage (RT), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The results showed that there were no significant differences in TP and Olsen-P content in the sediment load between different plots after 6 years uniform tillage practices. The enrichment of TP and Olsen-P at the lower slope showed a clear redistribution along the slope. Effects of tillage practices on the temporal pattern of the enrichment ratio (ER) of TP and Olsen-P was not uniform. ER_TP values were initially high and diminished after a short period of time and leveled to the end of the rainfall test in CT and RT plots, but remained ≥ 1. The ER of Olsen-P at the end of rainfall simulation showed a significant difference when compared to the initial stage, 0.78 to 1.60, respectively. However, the temporal loss rate of TP and Olsen-P showed a similar pattern because it was more depending on the sediment loss rate than on the concentration in the sediment. SSM resulted in 96% less TP and Olsen-P erosion loss compared to CT in 2002. Also, SSM showed the highest reduction in TP and Olsen-P loss after 4 years consistent practice. RT reduced TP and Olsen-P loss by 30%, although the runoff reduction was not significant. NTM was the best alternative with respect to TP and Olsen-P conservation, when considering its lower operational costs.     

Adsorption and degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in spiked soil with Fe0 nanoparticles supported by biochar

This work studies the adsorption and degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) in spiked soil with nanoscale Fe⁰ particles (nFe⁰) and biochar derived from maize straw. When biochar concentration was high, the adsorption capacity of soil was enhanced. Furthermore, 2,4-D degraded completely at loading rates of 0.33 and 0.17 g/L nFe⁰ plus biochar (initial 2,4-D concentration of 10 mg/g) within 40 h, according to equilibrium data. Additionally, the theoretical concentration of chloridion was approximately 84%. Further analysis indicated that the effect of nFe⁰ on 2,4-D degradation was weaker in soil columns than that in soil slurry. By contrast, 2,4-D degradation is positively influenced by biochar application, which prevented the aggregation and corrosion of Fe nanoparticles. Although the enhanced capacity for 2,4-D adsorption on the soil decelerated dechlorination rate, long-term nFe⁰ activity was generated. After 72 h, the efficiency of 2,4-D degradation was approximately 53.2% in the soil columns with biochar support.     

面向生态的黑河中游模糊多目标水资源优化配置模型

以黑河中游为例,构建面向生态的单目标(模型一)和多目标(模型二)水资源优化配置模型,并进行对比分析。其中,单目标模型的目标函数是农业和生态产生的经济价值最大;多目标模型的生态目标是生态供水满意度最大,经济目标是农业产值最大。为了保证生态用水,模型中引入0-1整数规划来优化传统灌溉和节水灌溉的种植面积,同时,考虑到模型参数的不确定性,将模糊数引入到已建模型中。分别对2个模型求解,得到从不同角度出发的各个计算单元的水资源优化配置结果,为当地的生态保护提供了有力的决策支持。     

河套灌区套种模式下综合作物系数的试验研究

依据FAO56作物需水量指南提供的作物系数计算方法,分别计算了内蒙古河套灌区磴口试验站小麦套种覆膜玉米、小麦套种未覆膜玉米、小麦套种油料向日葵3种套种模式下的综合单、双值作物系数。结果表明,3种套种模式下的作物在全生育期内均可迎来2次综合需水高峰;共生阶段的作物系数,单值方法高于双值方法的计算结果,而单一作物独立生长阶段,双值方法高于单值方法的计算结果;无论单值计算还是双值计算的套种作物田间综合ET,当单一作物处于独立生长期时差别不大,而2种作物共同生育阶段的差别较大;将3种作物在套种模式下的生育阶段划分的更加详细并分别命名,为套种模式下作物蒸散量提供更准确的计算依据。     

基于陆面能量平衡方程的遥感模型

介绍了卫星遥感反演水文气象模式所需的一些基本地面参数,进而得到整个流域尺度上的ET的方法,特别是基于陆面能量平衡方程的SEBAL模型的原理及工作流程,指出了模型的优点和不足,并研究探讨了利用SEBAL模型在海河流域水资源管理中的应用。     

基于ET的水资源管理模式探析

在资源型缺水地区，降低区域的蒸腾蒸发量（ET）是一种有效缓解水资源短缺的途径。从宏观上探讨了一种基于ET的水资源管理模式，定性构建了基于ET控制的用水分配以及用水转换模型。这种新的水资源管理模式对于提高水资源的利用效率，推动资源型缺水地区水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。