Cover crop evapotranspiration under semi-arid conditions using FAO dual crop coefficient method with water stress compensation

Cover cropping is a common agro-environmental tool for soil and groundwater protection. In water limited environments, knowledge about additional water extraction by cover crop plants compared to a bare soil is required for a sustainable management strategy. Estimates obtained by the FAO dual crop coefficient method, compared to water balance-based data of actual evapotranspiration, were used to assess the risk of soil water depletion by four cover crop species (phacelia, hairy vetch, rye, mustard) compared to a fallow control. A water stress compensation function was developed for this model to account for additional water uptake from deeper soil layers under dry conditions. The average deviation of modelled cumulative evapotranspiration from the measured values was 1.4% under wet conditions in 2004 and 6.7% under dry conditions in 2005. Water stress compensation was suggested for rye and mustard, improving substantially the model estimates. Dry conditions during full cover crop growth resulted in water losses exceeding fallow by a maximum of +15.8% for rye, while no substantially higher water losses to the atmosphere were found in case of evenly distributed rainfall during the plant vegetation period with evaporation and transpiration concentrated in the upper soil layer. Generally the potential of cover crop induced water storage depletion was limited due to the low evaporative demand when plants achieved maximum growth. These results in a transpiration efficiency being highest for phacelia (5.1 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and vetch (5.4 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and substantially lower for rye (2.9 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and mustard (2.8 g m⁻² mm⁻¹). Taking into account total evapotranspiration losses, mustard performed substantially better. The integration of stress compensation into the FAO crop coefficient approach provided reliable estimates of water losses under dry conditions. Cover crop species reducing the high evaporation potential from a bare soil surface in late summer by a fast canopy coverage during early development stages were considered most suitable in a sustainable cover crop management for water limited environments.     

Effects of planting density on the productivity and water use of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones: I. Measurement of water use in young tea using sap flow meters with a stem heat balance method

Sap flow meters based on the stem heat balance method were used to measure the mass flow rates or water use in young potted tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants of clones AHP S15/10 and BBK35. The meters were constructed on site and installed onto the stem or branch sections of field growing plants in an experiment originally designed to study the effects of plant population density and drought on the productivity and water use of young tea clones. The objective of the study was to use the SHB method as a first attempt to use sap flow meters for determining the water use of young tea growing in the field under well watered conditions in Tanzania. The results are reported and recommendation made for further work on using the technique.     

基于ET的水资源管理模式探析

在资源型缺水地区，降低区域的蒸腾蒸发量（ET）是一种有效缓解水资源短缺的途径。从宏观上探讨了一种基于ET的水资源管理模式，定性构建了基于ET控制的用水分配以及用水转换模型。这种新的水资源管理模式对于提高水资源的利用效率，推动资源型缺水地区水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

IDEFO功能建模及其在计算机辅助夹具设计中的应用

从系统建模的角度,以计算机辅助夹具设计(CAFD)系统为例,采用IDEFO方法建立CAFD系统的功能模型,并以此为依据设计了系统的总体结构,为高效地建立计算机辅助夹具设计系统提供了实现方法.     

基于GIS的陕南柑桔气候生态适宜性区划

陕南秦巴山区地处北亚热带气候区,是柑桔种植北缘地带。为了科学、合理地利用当地农业气候资源,进一步优化产业结构,达到趋利避害、防灾减灾的目的,本文根据陕南秦巴山区近30a的气候资料,采用极端最低气温多年平均值、1月平均气温、年平均气温及年降水量4个因子作为陕南柑桔气候适宜性区划指标;利用GIS空间分析及制图功能,在实现区划指标空间化基础上,采用模糊综合评判方法,对陕南秦巴山区柑桔气候适宜性进行区划,并对各适宜区柑桔生长气候条件优劣进行评述。结果表明,陕南柑桔气候适宜区主要分布于秦巴山区海拔700m以下的浅山丘陵区,在适宜区内,应根据地形特征,选择冷空气不易堆积的＂难进易出型＂丘陵坡地栽培,以减少冻害。     

温度影响下的稻纵卷叶螟实验种群动态的系统动力学模拟

温度是影响稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee）发育、存活和繁殖的关键生态因子之一。研究温度与稻纵卷叶螟种群数量变动的关系,可为害虫种群的控制提供科学依据。本文根据稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度处理下（19.0℃,22.0℃,25.0℃,28.0℃,31.0℃）的实验种群生命表,利用系统动力学的相关理论和方法构建仿真模型,对稻纵卷叶螟实验种群的数量动态进行了模拟,在此基础上预测成虫的产卵量,并通过敏感性分析确定了成虫产卵的最适温度。结果显示,在初始卵量均为100标准粒的情况下,温度过高（〉25.0℃）不利于稻纵卷叶螟实验种群低龄幼虫的生存和发育,温度过低或过高均不利于实验种群后期的发育和繁殖;随着温度的上升,稻纵卷叶螟的存活率和生殖力迅速提高,温度为25.0℃时世代存活率、次代产卵量达到最高值,分别为19.67%和1488.4头;稻纵卷叶螟成虫的最高产卵量出现在24.9℃。研究表明了系统动力学模型在害虫种群发育动态及预测方面有着良好的应用潜力。     

镜鲤体重的QTL定位

本研究利用217个微卫星标记和336个SNPs标记对德国镜鲤F2代68个个体基因组DNA进行基因型检测。其中507个标记共组成62个连锁群,覆盖基因组总长度为2805．85cM,标记问平均距离为6-31cM;利用软件MapQTL4．0采用区间作图法对体重性状进行QTL定位分析。研究结果共检测到14个与体重性状有关的QTLs,分布于9个连锁群。其中BIV-5-J有最大的LOD值,为4．46;BIV—I-1的LOD值最小,为2．25。单个QTL平均解释表型变异介于14．10％～45．50％之间,其中贡献率大于20％的主效QTLs有9个。通过BLASTX与斑马鱼蛋白质序列数据库进行序列比对,找到了与斑马鱼酰基辅酶A脱氢酶蛋白、胰淀粉酶仅2蛋白、Apoebprotein和甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶蛋白同源的分子标记。本研究结果对分子标记辅助育种具有重要应用价值。     

设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化分类与分级标准

近三十年来,我国设施蔬菜栽培发展迅速,已成为我国农业中最有活力的新兴产业之一。但在长期的设施蔬菜生产过程中,普遍存在着不合理施肥、养分比例失调、肥效下降和资源浪费严重等问题,致使土壤养分富集,盐分积累现象日趋严重。本文对我国设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化的现状、发生原因及其对作物的危害进行综述和分析,在此基础上制定设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化分类与分级的标准的建议及初步构架,旨在为防治设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化,实现设施菜地土壤的质量调控与可持续利用提供理论指导和科学依据。     

1982-2010年松花江流域植被动态变化及其与气候因子的相关分析

利用1982-2010年GIMMS和MODIS两种遥感数据集的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,分析了松花江流域植被NDVI时空特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,松花江流域植被覆盖存在着显著的空间差异,山区NDVI值明显高于中部平原区。过去29a间,松花江流域植被NDVI稳定性较强,总体上变化趋势不明显,但有明显的阶段性：1982-1990年植被NDVI持续增加;1991-1997年相对稳定,1997-2003年呈波动降低趋势,2003-2010年缓慢上升。基于像元的相关分析表明,松花江流域NDVI与气温和降水量间均具有很强的相关性（P〈0.01）,而且植被NDVI变化受气温影响程度强于降水,针叶林是松花江流域受气温影响最大的植被类型。     

FACE对杂交籼稻汕优63干物质生产与分配的影响

2005--2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,以三系杂交籼稻汕优63为供试材料,设计比大气CO2浓度（对照,370umol．mol^-1）高200umol．mol^-1的FACE处理（570umol．mol^-1）和施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究其对汕优63物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明：（1）两季平均,FACE处理使汕优63移栽-分蘖中期、分蘖中期-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-成熟期干物质生产量分别比对照增加了39％、20％、32％和41％,结果使成熟期生物产量显著增加（＋33％）;（2）与干物质生产量相比,汕优63平均叶面积指数（LAI）和净同化率（NAR）对CO2的响应有相似的季节性变化趋势,但LAI的响应值明显大于NAR;（3）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期叶片和稻穗占地上部干重的比例下降,而使茎鞘占地上部干重的比例明显增加;（4）三系杂交籼稻汕优63成熟期生物产量以及不同生育阶段平均LAI、NAR和干物质生产量对FACE的响应与粳稻品种存在明显差异．而干物质分配差异较小。