A statistics-based method for cluster analysis of the forest sector at the national and subnational level in Germany

Abstract

The cluster concept in economics contributes to new research on the forest sector's role in national and regional economies, yet incompatible cluster definitions and a variety of methodologies impede an objective comparison of findings. However, governmental statistical reporting systems are not well suited for a direct assessment of the forest sector due to classificatory and methodological shortcomings. This research presents a more standardized approach in the form of a statistics-based method for forest sector benchmarking and monitoring. The specification of the method included an extended cluster definition based on the Classification of Economic Activities in the European Union (NACE) and the validation of two suitable national statistical reporting systems. Testing the method in a case study for Germany demonstrates its capacity to provide consistent socioeconomic information on forest and wood-based industries in a sectoral, spatial and temporal dimension. In 2004, the German forest cluster accounted for 100,000 companies, 150 billion Euro gross turnover and over 900,000 employees (approximately 3.5% of the national economy) and ranked among the strongest manufacturing sectors. Individual wood-based industries indicated regional concentrations in federal states of Germany. Over the past decade, the forest sector was marked by considerable losses in turnover and employment, which increasingly deviated from the overall economic development of Germany. The research contributes to a more standardized, empirical understanding of the forest sector's role in national and regional economies, supporting rational decision making in cluster policy and management.     

Development of stump suckers by betula pubescens at different light intensities

Young trees (4–5 year old) of Betula pubescens Ehrh. growing in a stand in the middle of Sweden (lat. 60°15'N) were cut in early June to stump heights of 0 and 10 cm. The birch stumps were exposed to different relative light intensities (100, 50, 25 and 10%) for 100 days until mid September. Five stumps per treatment were used in a randomized complete block with seven blocks on mesic dwarf‐shrub type with low herbs and three blocks on moist dwarf‐shrub type. The number of sprouting stumps was correlated with relative light intensity and forest type. 2.5 % of the stumps of mesic and 14 % of moist forest type did not produce suckers. On mesic forest type, 7% of the stumps exposed to 10% light did not sprout compared with 1.4, 3.0 and 0% at 25, 50 and 100% light, respectively. At stump height 0 cm fewer sprouting stumps were produced than at 10 cm. The mean height of suckers was significantly lower at 10% light intensity than at other levels. The number of suckers per sprouting stump was not related to light intensity but to forest type. More suckers were produced on mesic than on moist forest type. The dry weight of suckers was significantly lower at 10 and 25% relative light intensity than at 50 and 100%. On moist forest type, the dry weight of suckers was lower than on mesic forest type.     

Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forests,Iran

Zagros forests are mainly covered byQuercus brantii L. coppices and oak sprout clumps occupy the forest area like patches. We investigated post-fire herbaceous diversity in the first growing season after fire. For this purpose neighboring burned and unburned areas were selected with the same plant species and ecological conditions. The data were collected from areas subjected to different fire severities. Overall 6 treatments were considered with respect to fire severity and the mi-crosites of inside and outside of oak sprout clumps including： unburned inside and outside of sprout clumps （Ni and No）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with high fire severity （H）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with moderate fire severity （M）, outside of sprout clumps that burned with low fire severity （OH and OM）. Different herbaceous com-position was observed in the unburned inside and outside of oak sprout clumps. The species diversity and richness were increased in treatments burned with low and moderate fire severity. However, in treatment burned with high fire severity （H）, herbaceous cover was reduced, even-ness was increased, and richness and diversity were not significantly changed. We concluded that besides the microsites conditions in forest, fire severity is an inseparable part of the ecological effect of fire on her-baceous composition.     

不同林龄抑螺防病林林分内钉螺种群分布特点的研究——以安庆市大观区沿江滩地为例

运用不同调查方法对安庆沿江滩地杨树林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛等5个植被类型区的钉螺分布状况进行调查,研究了钉螺样本的形态指标和阳性率,以及对其与已采取的灭螺措施之间的相互关系进行了分析,结果表明：（1）成熟杨树林地、中龄杨树林地均无钉螺分布;杨树幼林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛螺口密度分别为4只／0．11m2、5只／0．11m2、7只／0．11m2。（2）杨树幼林地、江滩草地、芦苇丛所获钉螺样本的阴阳性检测,没有被血吸虫感染,均为阴性。（3）江滩营造抑螺防病林是改变钉螺孳生环境及人工控制钉螺种群密度的有效途径之一。     

欧盟尽职调查法案对我国木质家具贸易的影响及对策分析

近年来,非法采伐及相关木材贸易问题引起了国际社会的广泛关注.木质家具是中国木质林产品出口中最重要的产品,同时出口欧洲的份额正呈现出不断增长的趋势,尽职调查法案的实施必将对我国木质家具贸易产生重大影响.笔者简述了欧盟尽职调查法案的出台背景、历史沿革和主要内容,分析了我国与欧洲联盟的木质家具贸易现状,探讨了尽职调查法案实施后对我国木质家具贸易的消极影响和积极影响,从政府和企业两个层面提出相应政策,在应对当前困境的同时以促进我国木质家具贸易的可持续发展.     

森林内雾水的水文和化学效应研究现状

从森林对雾水的截留量、雾水对森林分布的影响及雾水的水文和化学效应方面 ,阐述国外在该领域的研究动态和取得的成果 ,以期推动我国在该领域的研究工作。国外的大量研究表明 ,雾水对于植物的生长、分布具有重要的生态意义 ,是森林生态系统水分平衡、养分循环不可忽视的输入项 ,其生态效应是多方面的。因而 ,进一步深入研究森林内雾水的水文和化学效应是必要的     

坡耕地退耕还林后的植被恢复

生态公益林建设是坡耕地恢复森林植被最重要的模式 ,但对退耕还林后的植被恢复特点和规律的研究却很少报道。本文选择在四川省退耕还林工程中普遍发展的桤木生态公益林为研究对象 ,对其植被恢复特点和规律进行了探讨。1　试验地概况选择坡耕地退耕还林后形成的桤木 (Alnuscremastogyne)生态林和弃耕 1年形成的杂草群落为研究对象。试验地位于四川西缘山地区的天全县境内 ,东经 10 2°4 5′ ,北纬 30°0 3′ ,海拔 80 0m ,坡度 2 6° ,坡向西北 ,坡位中部 ,母质为砂岩风化物 ,土壤类型为紫色土 ,属亚热带季风湿润气候区 ,年平均降雨量 1735 …     

Factors influencing stump sprouting by pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet)

Sprouting can be an important mechanism of regeneration in harvested cypress (Taxodium sp.) wetlands; however, limited information exists on factors influencing sprouting. We examined the influence of harvesting practices, tree size, and site conditions on stump sprouting in eight pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet) wetlands in Florida, USA. Stumps were cut at three heights: 20 cm below high water level, at high water, and 40 cm above high water. Half of each site was harvested using a sawhead feller and the other half using shearhead. We monitored sprouting for 2 years post-harvest. Stump height affected first year sprouting, but the effect disappeared during year 2. Felling equipment did not affect sprouting; however, the shearhead caused greater stump damage. Sprouting declined with increasing parent tree size; percentage of stumps with sprouts after 2 years was 68% for trees 10–14 cm dbh and 28% for trees 20–24 cm dbh. Stump sprouting ranged among sites from 23 to 54% after 2 years. Results indicate that sprouting may be an important, but inadequate, form of regeneration. At sites with short hydroperiods, dense understories, and/or predominance of trees greater than 20 cm dbh, reduced sprouting may occur, and planting seedlings may be beneficial.     

七种农药对长鞘卷叶甲幼虫的毒力测定及林间防治试验

选用7种化学农药对长鞘卷叶甲2龄幼虫进行室内毒力测定,筛选出48%乐斯本乳油、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和90%杀虫单可溶性粉剂等3种农药的毒力较好,并应用于林间幼虫防治试验。试验结果表明,分别使用乐斯本、高效氯氰菊酯和杀虫单的2 000倍液进行喷雾防治效果较理想,可产生73%~85%的杀虫效果;乐斯本和高效氯氰菊酯用根灌法与注干法进行防治没有任何杀虫效果;杀虫单也能产生相对较强的杀虫效果,400倍液根灌效果为56.6%,40倍液注干效果为45.8%,可适当应用于林间防治幼虫。