我国和欧盟兽药质量监督抽检工作机制对比研究

为更好地完善我国兽药质量监督抽检计划,通过对欧盟药品抽检管理工作机制的研究,本文分析了欧盟和我国兽药监督抽检管理方式的不同,从抽检责任部门、抽检目的、抽检计划内容、抽检计划制定流程、抽检品种的遴选和检测参数的确定等6方面进行了对比分析,探讨我国兽药质量监督抽检工作的管理中可以借鉴的方面。     

造纸工业必须走林纸一体化与可持续发展道路

通过对我国造纸工业面临的现状和存在问题的调研、分析，并比较国内外造纸工业发展的现状，认为国内木材市场已经进入供不应求的紧缺阶段，而从国外进口木材，增加了企业的经营成本，又受市场的制约。所以企业通过自身营造集生态效益和经济效益为一体的原料林，是解决目前造纸工业瓶颈问题的现实而有效的途径。因此，造纸工业必须走林纸一体化与可持续发展的道路。     

川西亚高山针叶林植物群落演替对土壤性质的影响

研究了川西亚高山针叶林人工重建过程中土壤物理性质,结果表明:随着人工云杉林龄的增加,土壤表层粉粒、粘粒、物理性粘粒、团聚度和结构系数降低,砂粒含量增高,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙在人工云杉林演替过程中表现出"U"型变化,即人工云杉从幼林向成熟林演替阶段,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及总孔隙和毛管孔隙则减少,在40年生云杉林达最低值之后,随着云杉自疏而有上升的趋势,毛管持水量是决定林地土壤自然含水量的主要因子。为了加速该区域植被恢复和重建过程,建议营造针阔混交林和对人工成熟林和过熟林进行间伐抚育,增加物种多样性,减少水土流失,为植物生长创造良好的土壤物理环境。     

Occurrence and berry production of Rubus chamaemorus L., Vaccinium oxycoccus L. & Vaccinium microcarpum Turcz. and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L. on Swedish peatlands

During three consecutive years, 1978–1980, cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus L.), cranberries (Vaccinium oxycoccus L. & Vaccinium microcarpum Turcz.) and lingonberries Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L.) growing wild in Swedish forests and mires were inventoried in the annual National Forest Survey. Both the coverage and fertility of these were estimated. Observations from 42 000 test sites (314 m² each) were processed according to geographical region, composition of tree and field layer, altitude and occurrence of draining ditches. Cloudberries cover 425 000 hectares or 1.5 % of the total investigated area (28.6 million hectares). The corresponding values for cranberries and lingonberries are 136000 hectares (0.5 %) and 1362000 ha (4.8%) respectively. Open mires have a greater degree of coverage by cloudberry and cranberry than wet forests on peat. The reverse situation is true for lingonberry. The total berry yield on peatland was estimated to 116.6 million kg (freshweight), distributed as 75.7 million kg cloudberries, 20.8 million kg cranberries and 20.1 million kg lingonberries. The corresponding production of lingonberries on mineral soils was 188.8 million kg. Both in wet forests and on mires, drained areas show lower berry production for the three species, with one exception. Lingonberries yielded better on drained mires. Productive stands of cloudberries and cranberries ought not to be drained for economic reasons.     

Human Impacts on Forest Biodiversity in Protected Walnut-Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan

We used a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, supported by empirical field data and socioeconomic data, to examine the impacts of human disturbances on a protected forest landscape in Kyrgyzstan. Local use of 27 fruit and nut species was recorded and modeled. Results indicated that in the presence of fuelwood cutting with or without grazing, species of high socioeconomic importance such as Juglans regia, Malus spp., and Armeniaca vulgaris were largely eliminated from the landscape after 50–150 yr. In the absence of disturbance or in the presence of grazing only, decline of these species occurred at a much lower rate, owing to competitive interactions between tree species. This suggests that the current intensity of fuelwood harvesting is not sustainable. Conversely, current grazing intensities were found to have relatively little impact on forest structure and composition, and could potentially play a positive role in supporting regeneration of tree species. These results indicate that both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity can arise from human populations living within a protected area. Potentially, these could be reconciled through the development of participatory approaches to conservation management within this reserve, to ensure the maintenance of its high conservation value while meeting human needs.     

Multiple rotation yields for intensively managed plantations in the Amazon basin

Jari Celulose S. A. is a Brazilian-owned industrial enterprise located along the Jari River (the first major south-flowing tributary of the Amazon). The company produces bleached kraft pulp for international and domestic sales. The raw material of this pulp production comes from the 75,000 ha of intensively managed plantations of Pinus caribaea (Morelet) and Eucalyptus spp. harvested on 10- and 6-year rotations, respectively. All currently active Jari plantations were converted from primary forest between 1968 and 1982. Silvicultural practices have been modified over successive rotations, including plantation species changes, increased intensity of site preparation, fertilization, and chemical weed control. A review of data from the early 1970s to present indicates an increase in productivity over successive rotations and several plantation locations and soil types. The reasons for this improvement are primarily related to the higher levels of silvicultural inputs and dramatic genetic gains. The long-term sustainability of this productivity is discussed in terms of current and future inputs. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources in Microdiets on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major,During Weaning and Metamorphosis

ABSTRACT

The use of two protein sources, krill meal (protein 62% dry matter) and soybean protein (protein 85.2% dry matter), and their effect on growth performance and feeding behavior of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during weaning and metamorphosis, was studied using microbound diets. High levels of dietary soybean protein (25% of the diet) resulted in a poor feeding response and marked anorexia, resulting in high mortalities and poor growth. Moderate levels of dietary soybean protein (17-19% of diet) resulted in higher growth. Krill meal contributed to an increase in food consumption. A possible reason for the reduced growth of fish fed soybean protein-based diets was the lower palatability of these diets. Alternative sources of protein could replace fish meal, if these sources are more palatable to the fish.     

Anthropogenic spreading of anguillid herpesvirus 1 by stocking of infected farmed European eels,Anguilla anguilla (L.), in the Schlei fjord in northern Germany

The Schlei fjord in northern Germany is the recipient water of a comprehensive eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), stocking programme. Since 2015, stocked eels become alizarin red S marked, but to date no control mechanism is implemented in this stock enhancement measure to prevent anthropogenic spreading of diseases. Consequentially, it was possible that farmed stocking cohorts of 2015 and 2016 (in total ca. 1040 kg) were subsequently tested positive for anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV 1). For this study, 100 eels [total length (TL) 24.3–72.9 cm, age ca. 1–6 years] were caught in 2016 and investigated with regard to AngHV 1 infection, parasite load (Anguillicoloides crassus) and body conditions. 68% of the eels were found to be virus positive while larger specimens were more often infected. In addition, a fitted generalized linear model (area under the curve = 0.741) demonstrated that an increase in individual TL is accompanied with an increased risk of clinically relevant virus loads. Anguillicoloides crassus turned out to be an important stressor for eels, because parasite and virus load revealed a significant positive correlation. The results of this study evidently show the urgent need of a disease containment strategy for eel stocking programmes.     

孟加拉涝原地区村林居住的宗教社团偏爱的乔木和灌木树种及使用的造林材料研究

2002年1月至6月对孟加拉涝原地区两个不同的宗教部落(印度教和穆斯林教)的传统家园森林进行了探索性研究，包括印度教和穆斯林教社团对树种(乔木和灌木)的偏爱度、类似性、造林材料及来源、植树地点和间距。研究发现Mangifera indica作为乔木树种，Ocimum sanctum作为灌木树种为印度教社团最喜爱的树种；Artocarpus heterophyllus和Lawsonia inermis分别为穆斯林社团最喜爱乔木树种和灌木树种。两中不同宗教社团选择乔木数种的相同性为86．57％，灌木树种为78．48％。两个宗教部落使用种子和苗木作为造林材料最多。乔木树种的造林材料主要来自家园(39％)灌木树种主要来自自然界(40％)。表3参27。     

滇西北高山针叶林区主要林型下外生菌根真菌的分布

1985年和1986年,我们在云南西北部高山针叶林内,采用标准地调查和路线踏查相结合的方法,在杜鹃-冷杉林等7个主要林型中进行了外生菌根真菌调查。经对采集标本的鉴定,计有33个属约140余种外生菌根真菌。它们在各种林型下的分布有着一定的规律。其种类组成和分布的多度与林木的组成、土壤和地形条件,如海拔高度、坡向、坡度等有密切的关系。