钾对小麦旗叶蛋白水解酶活性和籽粒品质的影响

利用强筋冬小麦品种烟农15研究了钾素对小麦旗叶蛋白质含量和籽粒品质及有关酶活性的影响. 结果表明, 钾素有利于提高灌浆前期和中期小麦旗叶中可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的含量, 增强内肽酶和羧肽酶的活性, 促进籽粒中游离氨基酸转化为蛋白质, 提高籽粒中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的含量, 改善籽粒营养品质和加工品质     

酶—湿热处理对锥栗淀粉理化特性的影响

采用酶-湿热处理锥栗淀粉,研究酶用量与脱支时间对复合变性锥栗淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明:酶-湿热处理锥栗淀粉的晶型均为A型,且预期血糖指数(p GI值)大多低于55%,属于低p GI值食品。由体外消化动力学分析、扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热、高效阴离子色谱-脉冲安培检测等实验分析得出,酶-湿热处理锥栗淀粉的抗性淀粉含量、分子链平均聚合度(DP值)、相对结晶度和熔融焓等随酶用量和脱支时间的变化表现为3个阶段,尤其在第2阶段,即当酶用量在50~60 U/g且反应时间在12~16 h范围内时,因分子链DP值适合重新聚合形成稳定的结晶结构,抗性淀粉含量、相对结晶度和熔融焓均达到最大。     

尿素施肥量对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

不同肥料用量对土壤生物学过程的影响研究是肥域(际)土壤生态学研究的重要内容之一。本试验采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了不同尿素施肥量对潮土微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:放线菌和霉菌对尿素施肥量比较敏感,B(肥土比1:1500)施肥量就可以明显降低它们的数量,分别比不施肥(A)下降45.5%和32.2%。硝化细菌在D(肥土比1:400)施肥量时数量最大,之后随施肥量增加而下降,反硝化细菌随施肥量增加直线下降。土壤酶活性均在E(肥土比1:200)施肥量时发生明显变化,脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性急剧下降。     

Hydrolase activity, microbial biomass and community structure in long-term Cd-contaminated soils

Long-term effects of high Cd concentrations on enzyme activities, microbial biomass and respiration and bacterial community structure of soils were assessed in sandy soils where Cd was added between 1988 and 1990 as Cd(NO₃)₂ to reach concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ dry weight soil. Soils were mantained under maize and grass cultivation, or ‘set-aside’ regimes, for 1 year. Solubility of Cd and its bioavailability were measured by chemical extractions or by the BIOMET bacterial biosensor system. Cadmium solubility was very low, and Cd bioavailability was barely detectable even in soils polluted with 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹. Soil microbial biomass carbon (B_C) was slightly decreased and respiration was increased significantly even at the lower Cd concentration and as a consequence the metabolic quotient (qCO₂) was increased, indicating a stressful condition for soil microflora. However, Cd-contaminated soils also had a lower total organic C (TOC) content and thus the microbial biomass C-to-TOC ratio was unaffected by Cd. Alkaline phosphomonoesterase, arylsulphatase and protease activities were significantly reduced in all Cd-contaminated soils whereas acid phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activites were unaffected by Cd. Neither changes in physiological groups of bacteria, nor of Cd resistant bacteria could be detected in numbers of the culturable bacterial community. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community showed slight changes in maize cropped soils containing 0.18 and 0.36 mmol Cd kg⁻¹ soil as compared to the control. It was concluded that high Cd concentrations induced mainly physiological adaptations rather than selection for metal-resistant culturable soil microflora, regardless of Cd concentration, and that some biochemical parameters were more sensitive to stress than others.     

Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils

Heavy metal contamination can inhibit soil functions but it is often difficult to determine the degree of pollution or when soil reclamation is complete. Enzyme assays offer potential as indicators of biological functioning of soils. However, antecedent water content of soil samples may affect the outcome of biological measurements. In Mediterranean regions, for much of the year ‘field moist’ surface soil can have water content similar to that of air-dry samples. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensitivity of a range of enzyme assays to detect the degree of pollution from a heavy metal mine spill; (2) evaluate rewetting field-dry soil as a pre-treatment for enzyme assays; and (3) test multivariate analysis for improving discrimination between polluted, reclaimed and non-polluted soils. The Aznalcóllar mining effluent spill provided a unique opportunity to address these objectives. This accident released toxic, heavy metal-contaminated (As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Tl, Zn…) and acid tailings into the Guadiamar watershed (SW Spain) in 1998, severely affecting the riparian zone along more than 4000 ha. Contaminated soils were collected from the highly polluted upper watershed and less polluted lower watershed along with reclaimed soil at both sites. Enzyme activities (phosphatases, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase) were assessed on both field-moist samples and soils rewetted to 80% of water-holding capacity and then incubated at 21 °C for 7 d prior to the assay. The reclaimed soils had higher activities than polluted soils but, typically, 1.5-3 times lower levels of activity than the non-polluted soil. Regardless of the moisture pre-treatment, all enzymes showed significant effects due to pollution, with urease and β-glucosidase showing the greatest discrimination between degrees of contamination. In general, rewetting field-dried soils increased activities on non-polluted and reclaimed soils which improved discrimination with polluted soils. Another method to increase the potential of soil enzyme activities to detect soil contamination could be to combine them in multivariate analysis, which provides a more holistic representation of the biochemical and microbial functionality of a soil.     

水稻生育后期根系氮代谢生理活性变化的研究

以"两优培九"及其父本"9311"和"汕优63"为材料,测定不同水稻品种花后根系氮代谢相关酶[谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)]及蛋白水解酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量、根系伤流液量以及伤流液游离氨基酸及糖含量.结果表明,"9311"的GPT和GDH活性高峰出现在开花前,GS和GOT峰值分别出现在花后第1、2周;"两优培九"除GS高峰在开花前,其余3种酶活性高峰均出现在花后1周;"汕优63"的4种酶活性高峰均出现在花后第2周."9311"和"两优培九"根系可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量高峰出现在花后1周左右,"汕优63"的两峰值滞后于前两品种,分别推至花后第2周和第3周,这与3品种根系酶活性的变化趋势基本一致."两优培九"根系伤流液量的最大值出现在花后两周,早于"9311"和"汕优63"1周.伤流液的高峰和根系中游离氨基酸峰值相差1周,且滞后时间在品种间有所差别,"两优培九"相差1周,"9311"相差两周,而"汕优63"二者基本一致.3品种伤流液中"汕优63"糖含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.01),而"9311"的氨基酸含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.05).本试验结果表明,"两优培九"根系的氮代谢高峰早于其他两个品种,而峰值低于其他两品种,说明生育后期"两优培九"根系生理活性衰退早于其他两个品种;品种间根系的代谢高峰具有明显的强度和时间性差异;根系组织代谢高峰和伤流液峰值具有时间差,其差值因品种而异.     

转基因抗虫作物中豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂（CpTI）酶联免疫检测方法的建立

 从10个不同豇豆品种中筛选出抑制剂活性最高的901青皮豇豆，提取豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂。通过G-75凝胶过滤、亲和层析纯化了豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂（CpTI）并制备了其兔多克隆抗体。用所制备的抗体建立了酶联免疫检测方法并检测了转CpTI编码基因棉花、水稻中的CpTI含量，发现棉花不同器官CpTI的表达量不尽相同。     

羊奶干酪成熟期间蛋白质降解的研究

通过对羊奶干酪成熟９０ｄ内蛋白质降解的研究发现：水溶性氮（ＷＳＮ）和非蛋白氮（ＮＰＮ）在干酷成熟初期变化较大。游离氨基酸（ＦＡＡ）主要由丙氨酸（Ａｌａ）、蛋氨酸（Ｍｅｔ）、赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ）、组氨酸（Ｈｉｓ）、谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）和亮氨酸（ｌｅｕ）等６种氨基酸构成。在蛋白质降解产物中，成熟初期主要是可溶性多肽类，后期寡肽含量较高。     

柑橘果实发育过程中有机酸含量及相关代谢酶活性的变化

 测定了柠檬 (高酸 ,CitruslimonL .Burm)、锦橙 (中酸C .sinesisL .Osbeck)、冰糖橙 (低酸 ,C .sinesisL .Os beck)和奉节脐橙 (C .sinesisL .Osbeck)及其低酸芽变株系、晚熟芽变株系果实在发育过程中柠檬酸的含量及其相关代谢酶活性。结果表明 ,除柠檬外 ,汁胞柠檬酸含量均在花后 10 0～ 130d达到高峰 ,以后逐渐下降 ;柠檬酸合成酶活性变化与各类型柑橘果实中柠檬酸含量差异没有明显联系 ;细胞溶液中的乌头酸酶后期升高对柑橘果实中酸的降解有明显影响 ;磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶 /NAD 异柠檬酸脱氢酶值较高 ,酸积累较高。     

食品超高压加工技术及其应用前景

阐述了超高压加工技术的发展历史以及在食品加工中应用的原理，其中包括超高压对酶的灭活及激活影响和超高压杀菌的机理。论述了超高压加工食品能激活或灭活食品中食品品质酶，有利于提高食品的色泽、香味，保持原有的生鲜风味和营养成分。分析了食品加工领域里超高压技术的发展现状和应用前景。