在非蛋白氮(NPN)和甲醛处理日粮条件下几种与瘤胃氮代谢有关酶活力的研究

在装有永久性瘤胃和皱胃瘘管的四头阉湖羊和三头成年母水牛上,用异丁叉二脲(IBDU)代替湖羊日粮的部分粗蛋白,可使瘤胃脲酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活力分别增高26.2％、17.3％[NAD(辅酶Ⅰ)-GDH]和37.9％[NADP(辅酶Ⅱ)-GDH]。水牛在稻草期补饲两种比例的硫酸铵-尿素及能量饲料(试验Ⅱ),则瘤胃脲酶和脱氢酶活力升高,分别为对照期的1.9倍,1.4倍(试验Ⅰ)和4.6倍、3.3倍(试验Ⅱ)。 用0.35％甲醛处理的大豆粉,在体外人工瘤胃培养时,氨基酸和氨的释放水平都低于对照组。而在湖羊的体内试验中,瘤胃蛋白酶活力不受影响,但脱氢酶活力降低6.9u/100ml。大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂可作用于瘤胃蛋白酶,大豆脲酶则能为0.35％的甲醛所抑制。青刈期湖羊瘤胃每日灌注0.4g甲醛,能够减弱瘤胃蛋白酶和脱氢酶的活力。 湖羊瘤胃蛋白酶主要存在于微生物体,最适pH约为7;到达皱胃酸性环境中,微生物蛋白酶活力几乎丧失。     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地恢复过程中土壤性质的变化及其关系

[目的]为了探讨衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地恢复过程中土壤性质的变化规律。[方法]采用时空互代法,研究衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同恢复阶段O～40cm土层的土壤性质变化及其关系。《结果]土壤性质存在明显差别,从裸地阶段（I）、草本群落阶段（Ⅱ）、灌木群落阶段（HI）至乔木群落阶段（1g）土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、碱解氮（AN）和阳离子交换量（CEC）显著增加（P〈0．05）,容重（BD）与pH显著减小（P〈0．05）。微生物总数显著增加（P〈0．05）,其中细菌数量显著增加（P〈0．05）,真菌数量与放线茵数量显著减小（P〈0．05）;相关分析表明,土壤细菌数量与SOC、TN与AN呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,与CEC呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）;真菌数量与SOC与TN呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,与BD呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）;放线菌数量与BD呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。URE、INV、APE酶活性显著增强（P〈0．05）,CAT活性显著减弱（P〈0．05）;相关分析表明,URE、INV、APE活性与SOC、TN、AN、CEC显著或极显著正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,与BD与呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）;CAT与BD呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,与SOC呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）。[结论]研究结果可以丰富该区域恢复生态学的内容,为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的植被恢复与重建提供一定的理论依据。     

盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响

采用NaCl模拟盐胁迫处理沙枣幼苗,测定了超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。结果表明：在盐胁迫下,沙枣幼苗的SOD活性呈现出降-升-降的趋势,在NaCl浓度为2．0％时,出现活性高峰;随着盐浓度的增加,SOD活性下降：当NaCl浓度达到4．0％时,其活性低于对照。POD活性呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,NaCl浓度为2．0％时,POD活性达到最大值。CAT活性的变化趋势与POD相似。随着NaCl浓度的增加,MAD的含量开始下降;当盐浓度为0．4％时,MDA含量最低：随后,MDA含量上升。这说明,在一定程度的盐胁迫下,沙枣幼苗通过提高抗氧化酶活性和降低膜脂过氧化来减轻活性氧对植物细胞的损伤。     

产β-半乳糖苷酶芽孢杆菌的筛选及产酶条件的优化

[目的]筛选产β-半乳糖苷酶的芽孢杆菌并对其产酶条件进行优化。[方法]从土壤中筛选出一株具有β-半乳糖苷酶活性的菌株,对其进行鉴定并对其发酵产酶条件进行优化。[结果]该菌株被初步鉴定为巨大芽孢杆菌。该菌株的最佳碳源是乳糖,最佳氮源是牛肉膏和蛋白胨,Na+对产酶有明显的促进作用。当乳糖含量为1.20%,牛肉膏含量为0.63%,蛋白胨含量为1.04%时,该菌株所产β-半乳糖苷酶酶活可达3.68 U/ml。初始pH值为8.0,培养温度为45℃,接种量为2%,振荡培养17 h,该菌株所产β-半乳糖苷酶的酶活最高,为5.49 U/ml。[结论]该菌株在高温条件下生长旺盛,适宜生长pH值范围广,在生产实践中具有一定的应用价值。     

宿根矮化病菌侵染后甘蔗防御酶活性变化

[目的]研究接种甘蔗宿根矮化病（Ratoon stuning disease,RSD）菌后甘蔗防御酶活性的变化,为进一步探明甘蔗与RSD病菌的互作机制提供理论依据.[方法]以温汤脱毒后的甘蔗品种桂糖1 1号（GT11）为材料,设RSD菌液浸种为处理,ddH2O浸种为对照,测定甘蔗茎、叶不同时期超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）等5种防御酶活性变化.[结果]在RSD病菌胁迫下,甘蔗茎和叶片中相关防御酶活性均有所变化,茎中除APX活性一直高于对照外,其他酶活性均表现为在90 d时低于对照,180d时高于对照;叶中除POD活性一直高于对照外,其他酶活性在90 d时高于对照,180 d时低于对照.[结论]在RSD病菌胁迫下,甘蔗茎和叶片中CAT、SOD、POD、APX及GR活性均有所提高,随着胁迫时间的延长在茎中出现逐渐高于对照的趋势,叶片则与此相反.     

大庆市碱草草场主要土壤环境因子对土壤呼吸的影响

影响土壤呼吸的因子有很多,在不同时间空间的不同生态系统其影响因子各不相同。本文研究了土壤呼吸的主要影响因子,包括地温、土壤湿度等非生物因子。发现地温、湿度是影响大庆市碱草草场土壤呼吸的主要因子,并从而建立了以地温及湿度为影响因子的土壤呼吸定量描述模型。     

白灵菇产木聚糖酶营养条件的优化

以白灵菇为出发菌株,研究该菌株在不同碳源、氮源、无机盐的条件下产木聚糖酶活力大小,从中筛选出最佳培养基配方。通过测量菌丝干重,采用DNS法测定白灵菇产木聚糖酶活性大小,并根据碳源、氮源、无机盐对白灵菇产木聚糖酶的活性的影响,得出白灵菇最适培养基组成为:甘蔗渣5%、黄豆粉2%、MgSO40.15%、KH2PO40.3%、ZnSO40.01%、VB12粒。发酵液酶活力可达到60.50U/ml。     

Resistance monitoring and enzyme activity in three field populations of cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) from Egypt

The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is one of the most important sucking insect pests attacking certain legumes in Egypt particularly faba bean, cowpea and pea. In this study we monitored the resistance level of three field populations of A. craccivora to seven insecticides belonging to three different chemical classes (organophosphates, carbamates and neonicotinoids). The three populations were collected from three governorates in Egypt namely Dakahlia, Qalyobia and Beni Suef. Diagnostic concentrations (LC₉₀ values for susceptible strain) for each insecticide were established using a leaf dipping technique. Resistance monitoring showed that the field population from Dakahlia was highly resistant to all the tested insecticides. In a similar manner, the population from Qalyobia was also resistant to all insecticides except for fenitrothion to which only moderate resistance was observed. The field population from Beni Suef exhibited a lower level of resistance to all the seven tested insecticides.Biochemical assay showed that esterase activity in these three field populations was generally higher as the enzyme activity ratio ranged from 4.3 to 7.8 fold more than that for the susceptible strain. The activity of the other measured detoxifying enzymes (glutathione -S- transferase and mixed function oxidases) was moderate in the populations from Qalyobia and Dakahlia. Nevertheless, the enzyme activity in A. craccivora collected from Beni Suef was variable and differed slightly from the activity measured in the susceptible strain. Monitoring insecticide resistance among the three aphid populations was a proactive approach to detect any shift in insecticide efficiency. The possible occurrence of resistance in the cowpea aphid to the tested insecticides may be due to the higher activity of carboxylesterases. Further studies on the resistance mechanism to these insecticides are needed to provide insights in how to manage and delay the onset of the resistance and thus prolong the performance of insecticides against A. craccivora.     

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China were mainly analyzed from two aspects, natural and anthropogenic. Natural factors of alkalinization are parent materials, topographic positions, freeze-thaw action, wind conveyance, water properties and semi-arid/sub-humid climate. Some of them were always being neglected, such as freeze-thaw action and wind conveyance. Anthropogenic causes are mainly population pressure, overgrazing and improper agricultural and economic policies. In recent decades, overgrazing played a main role in secondary soil alkalinization, which led to the decline of Leymus chinensis grasslands. Now, the alkalinization is very severe, and more than 3.2 × 10⁶ ha area has been affected by salt, which becomes one of the three largest sodic–saline areas in the world.     

杭白菊生物活性成分及药理研究进展

杭白菊含有黄酮类化合物、挥发油、绿原酸、维生素、氨基酸等多种生物活性物质,这些生物活性物质具有抗氧化、保护心血管、降血脂、降血糖、抗菌等功能,因而近年来引起了人们对其生物活性物质、药理作用等方面的广泛研究。本文对杭白菊的研究进展进行了综述,并对其应用开发前景进行了展望。